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文献翻译
英文翻译
分 院 海运学院
专业航海技术
届别2011届
学号106090057
姓名赵午阳
指导教师马小方
2014年11月25日
<文献翻译一:
原文>
InfluenceofscientificmanagementprinciplesonISMCode
EnderAsyali,SedatBastug
ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect,SafetyScienceG8(2014)121-127
Abstract
Taylor'sprinciplesofscientificmanagementhavenotonlychangedthewaypeopleworkedinthe20thcenturybutalsoaffectmanycontemporarymanagementpractices.Asaresponsetotheveryseriousmaritimeaccidentsencounteredinthelate7980s,theInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)adoptedtheInternationalManagementCodefortheSafeOperationofShipsandforPollutionPrevention(theISMCode).TheISMCodeisasystematicmanagementapproachtowardssafetythroughtheeliminationofbothhumanerrorandpoormanagementstandards.TheaimofthisstudyistoexplorereflectontheimpactofscientificmanagementontheISMCodeusingacontentanalysistechnique.ThepaperconcentratesonsomestudieswhichwereoriginallyproposedbyTayloristprinciplesandtheISMCode.Thethoroughreviewandanalysishasrevealedthatfunctionalsupervising,selectionandtrainingofpersonnel,managementcoordination,andscientificjobanalysisusingprinciplesofscientificmanagementarefoundtobevalidandinfluentialwithinthecontentofISMCode.
Keywords
Taylorism,ISMCode,Scientificalmanagement,Shipping,Contentanalysis
1.Introduction
1.1.Principlesofscientificmanagement
2011wasthe100thanniversaryofthepublicationofFrederickWindowTaylor's"ThePrinciplesofScientificManagement"whichisacceptedas"Themostinfluentialbookonmanagementeverpublished."(BedeianandWren,2001).Taylor,oneofthemostwellknownandimportantmanagementpioneers(HeamesandBreland,2010)hasnotonlychangedthewaypeopleworkedinthe20thcenturybutalsoaffectedmanycontemporarymanagementpractices(Peaucelle,2000;Martin,1995)aswellasmanagementeducation(Schachter,2010).Taylor'sscientificmanagementrevolutionizedindustryandhelpedshapemodernorganization(1 Taylorintroducedasystematicandscientificapproachtomanagement.Hehasfavored"thesystem"over"theman"andmentionedthat"Inthepastthemanhasbeenfirst;inthefuturethesystemmustbefirst(Taylor,1947).TaylorconcludedhisbookThePrinciplesofScientificManagementwiththefollowingpassage: "Itisnosingleelement,butratherthiswholecombination,thatconstitutesscientificmanagement,whichmaybesummarizedas: Science,notruleofthumb.Harmony,notdiscord.Cooperation,notindividualism.Maximumoutput,inplaceofrestrictedoutput.Thedevelopmentofeachmantohisgreatestefficiencyandprosperity". Taylorproposedfourprinciplesofscientificmanagementthatcouldbesummarizedasfollows.Thesefourprinciplesarefocusedontheneedforcooperationandcollaborationbetweenmanagementandtheworker(HodgettsandGreenwood,1995). (1)Scientificjobanalysis: Developascienceforeachelementofaman'swork,toreplacetheoldrule-of.-thumbmethod. (2)Selectionandtrainingofpersonnel: Scientificallyselectandthentrain,teach,anddeveloptheworkman.Inthepasthechosehisownworkandtrainedhimselfasbesthecould. (3)Managementcooperation: Heartilycooperatewiththemensoastoinsurealloftheworkbeingdoneisinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofthesciencewhichhavebeendeveloped. (4)Functionalsupervising: Thereisanalmostequaldivisionoftheworkandtheresponsibilitybetweenmanagementandtheworkmen.Themanagementtakesoveralltheworkforwhichtheyarebetterfittedthantheworkmen.Thisisinsharpcontrasttothepastwherealmostalloftheworkandthegreaterpartoftheresponsibilitywerethrownuponthemen. 1.2.Internationalsafetymanagementcode TheISMCodeisinspiredbyqualitymanagementandintroducesasystematicapproachtoeverypartoftheorganizationbothashoreandonboard(Kristiansen,2005).TheobjectivesoftheCodearetoensuresafetyatsea,preventionofhumaninjuryorlossoflife,andavoidanceofdamagetotheenvironment,inparticulartothemarineenvironmentandtoproperty(ISMCode1.2.1).Safetymanagementobjectivesofthecompanyshouldprovideforsafepracticesinshipoperationandasafeworkingenvironment;assessallidentifiedriskstoitsships,personnelandtheenvironmentandestablishappropriatesafeguards;andcontinuouslyimprovesafetymanagementskillsofpersonnelashoreandaboardships,includingpreparingforemergenciesrelatedbothtosafetyandenvironmentalprotection(ISMCode1.2.2).Thesafetymanagementsystemshouldensure;compliancewithmandatoryrulesandregulations;andthatapplicablecodes,guidelinesandstandardsrecommendedbytheOrganization,administrations,classificationsocietiesandmaritimeindustryorganizationsaretakenintoaccount(ISMCode1.2.2). 2.Researchmodelandmethodology Thereviewfocusesonstudiesmadeduringthelast17years,from1995to2012.ItincludesstudiesonScientificManagementandtheISMCodewhereorganizationtechniqueshavebeenstudiedthroughmanagerialbehaviors.Withthisscopeinmind,theauthorsconductedasearchusinglibrarydatabasescoveringthemajorjournals. Whileallarticleshavebeenselectedfromvariouselectronicdatabases,theauthorsspecificallyfocusedontheimpactfactorofjournals.Theimpactfactor(IF)ofanacademicjournalisameasurereflectingtheaveragenumberofcitationstorecentarticlespublishedinthatjournal.Iftheimpactfactorexceeds1,itwillhaveagreatereffectonliterature.Inthosecaseswheretheimpactfactorislessthan1,therewillbesmallaffect. 3.Conclusion ThedatashowthatseveralkeyparallelsareevidentbetweenscientificmanagementandISMCode,because,theyhavesimilarcodingfrequenciesalongsideNvivocodingmentalityasshowninTables5and6.Forexample,ahigh-trustbasedrelationshipbetweenmanagersandemployeesisanimportantpreconditionforeffectiveemployeeparticipationonthesocialrelationslevel.Moststudiespointoutthattrustemergeswhenmanagersvaluetheiremployeesandshowlong-terminterestintheircareer.Theytypicallyentrustemployeeswithahighdegreeofdiscretionintheirjobsandshowlong-termobligationtowardsthem.Whenworkersareofferedsuchsocialconditionstheyreciprocatebyshowingpersonalcommitmenttotheirjob,whichamongotherconsequencespromotestheirparticipationinmanagementofrisk.Thus,thecodingfrequencyinthetopic"functionalsupervising"forbothconceptshasahighdensityasaresultofcontentanalysis. Secondly,astudyconductedbyBhattacharyahasshownthatmanagersofshippingcompaniesrevealedtheirperceptionofseafarers'lackoffamiliaritywiththeirworkplace.Thecaptainandcrewcanbereplacedallthetimeandthatleadstolackoffamiliarityofvessel.Torectifythis,thestandardproceduresoftrainingsshouldbefollowedtomaintainthesafeoperationofthevessel.AsdescribedinthecharacteristicsofTaylorism,extensivedivisionoflabordefinedjobsaredescribedintheISMCodebookofshippingcompaniesandtheseparationofplanningandtrainingisclearlyidentifiedinthatmanual.Tayloristscientificallyjobanalysisrequiresmanagerstomaintainnecessaryproceduresforcertainjobsandthattrainingswouldincreasetheoutputofindividualproductionofpersonnel.Thus,theoverallresultsoftheanalysiscarriedoutthroughthisstudyimplythatthecodingfrequenciesarereallyhighforbothtopics"scientificjobanalysis"and"selectionofpersonnelandtrainingofpersonnel".However,thetopic"selectionofpersonnelandtrainingofpersonnel"inTaylorismislowerthanISMCode,because,TaylorunderestimatesthemeaningofhumanmotivationasopposedtotheconceptofISMCode.Taylorassumedthatthenatureofman'smotivationisessential,butheclaimedthatmancouldandwouldbemotivatedbytheprospectofearningmore.So,Taylorcompletelyneglectsthepsychologicalaspectsofthepersonnel. WhiletheTayloristconceptdictatesclosesupervisionandhighlyhierarchicalmanagementapparatusonmanagers,shippingcompanymanagersmostlycomplainthatalltheireffortstomakeSMSeffectivearenotwellsupportedbytheirseagoingcolleagues.Thisfrictionleadsthemtofindwaystomakeseafarersmorecompliantwiththecompany'sSMS.Archiveddocumentsandcorrespondencesuggeststhatmanagersuseseveralwaystodoso.Duringtheprocessofcheckingthearchiveddocuments(logbooksandchecklists)auditorsmayinterrogatetheofficerswheneverthereareinaccuracies.Interviewsandarchivedauditreportsclearlyshowsthatitspurposeislargelyconfinedtopaperworkverification.ThisisacloserelationwiththemaindisadvantageofTayloristconcept. ThisstudysetouttoexaminetherelationshipbetweenscientificmanagementandISMCodefromacriticalperspectiveandtoillustratethecontinuedsignificanceofTaylor'sideaswithinmodernISMCode.Morespecifically,thepaperhassoughttoillustratetheTaylor'slegacyofideaswiththeconceptionofISMCode. <文献翻译一: 译文> ISM规则的科学化管理原理的影响 摘要: 科学化管理的泰勒原则,不仅改变了人们在20世纪的工作方式也影响到许多当代的管理实践。 作为对中后期遇到的非常严重的海上事故的响应,国际海事组织(IMO)通过了国际管理规范船舶安全营运和防止污染(ISM规则)管理规则。 ISM规则是通过消除人类错误和糟糕的管理标准,对安全有系统的管理办法。 本研究的目的是探讨反思科学管理对ISM规则的使用和内容分析技术的影响。 本文集中于最初提出的泰勒原则和国际安全管理规则的一些研究。 经过审查和分析表明,功能性监管,人员的培训和选择,管理方面的协调,要采用科学的管理原则,经过科学的工作分析,发现ISM规则的内容是有效和有影响力的。 关键词: 泰勒;ISM规则;如何科学管理;航运;内容分析; 1.引言 1.1科学管理的原则 2011年是FrederickWindowTaylor的“科学管理原理”出版被接受为“曾经出版过最具影响力的管理类书”100周年纪念日(Bedeian和雷恩,2001年).Taylor,最知名和重要的管理先驱(Heames和Wren,2010)中的一个,不仅改变了人们在20世纪的工作方式也影响了许多现代管理实践(Peaucelle,2000Martin
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