动词的时态及语态主谓一致.docx
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动词的时态及语态主谓一致.docx
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动词的时态及语态主谓一致
三、动词的时态及语态
I时态
时态考查项目
1过去完成时
2现在完成进行时
3将来完成时
4一般现在时(用于表示客观事实/科学真理)
答题依据:
句中时间状语
主从句谓语动词的先后关系
语境
时态的呼应(thesequenceoftenses)
时态呼应是指从句中谓语动词的时态因受主句中谓语动词时态的影响而须采用一定的时态,从而达到两者在逻辑关系上的一致。
(一)主句谓语动词的时态为现在时或将来时,
从句谓语动词根据实际情况可用各种时态
Shesayssheisacollegestudent.
shewasacollegestudent.
shewillbeacollegestudent.
HashetoldyouwhenheistoleaveforBeijing?
Willyoutellmewhenyoufinishedthework?
(二)主句谓语动词用过去时态
1若从句谓语动词的动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生,
从句用一般过去时或过去进行时
Shetoldmeshewasateacher.
HesaidhewasstudyingEnglish.
2若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前,从句用过去完成时或过去完成进行时
Sheexplainedtomethatshehadmadethemistakechiefly
outofcarelessness.
Bettysaidthatshehadbeenwaitingformycall.
3若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后,从句用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。
Hesaidthathewouldcomebackthenextday.
Shesaidthatshewouldbesettingoffonthe10o’clocktrain.
Hetoldthemthathewouldhavefinishedbysixo’clock.
4若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前,但从句中有表示某一具体时间的状语,从句用一般过去时。
Hetoldmethathewasbornin1959.
MymothertoldmethatmygrandfatherwenttoGermanyin1917.
5若从句说明的是客观事实或科学真理,现在依然成立,从句用一般现在时。
Ourteachersaidthattheearthisroundanditgoesroundthesun.
(三)主、从句动作都是将来时,但在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,从句谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时,主句仍用一般将来时。
IwillbeateacherwhenIgrowup.
Whatshallwedoifitsnows?
II语态
语态:
主动语态和被动语态
(一)被动语态考查项目:
(1)被动语态进行式
(2)被动语态完成式
(3)不定式被动式
需要注意:
主动变被动后加to
(二)具有被动意义的主动结构(即不该用被动语态的情况)
1在“主语+谓语+宾语+过去分词(作宾补)”结构中
谓语动词为使役动词或感官动词
Eg.Ihadthemachinerepaired.
Ididn’thearmynamecalled.
2在“主系表”结构中
Eg.Theflowerssmellsweet.
Thefoodtastesnice.
3在“主语+vi.+(adj./adv.)”结构中
vi.有:
open,shut,sell,wear,blow,work,move,lock,cook,wash,clean,read,write,draw,make,burn,eat,blame,photograph,etc.
Eg.Thegoodssellswell.
Thedoorblewopen.
Thedoorcan’tshut/lock.
Thismaterialhaswornthin.
Thefoodisreadytoeat.
Thiskindofricecooksquickly.
Shedoesn’tphotographwell.
Danishbaconandeggmakesagoodmeal.
Themotherdidn’tknowwhotoblameforthebrokenglass.
4sth.want/needtobedonesb.want(sb.)todo
sth.want/needdoing
sth.requiredoing
sth.beworthdoing/beworthytobedone
beworthyofsth.
beworthyofdoing
Eg.Thehouseneeds/wantsrepairing.
Thebookisworthreading.
四、主谓一致
主谓一致:
谓语动词在人称和数上与主语一致
(一)主谓一致三原则
1语法一致原则:
单主→单谓
复主→复谓
2意义一致原则
(1)单形主→复谓
Eg.Thevolleyballteamareplayingmagnificently.
TheoldarerespectedinChina.
(2)复形主→单谓
Eg.Thisworkswasbuiltin1982.
EconomicswastaughtbyProf.Li.
IstheUnitedStatesabigcountry?
(3)同一词作主语时单v.时复v.
Eg.Allpossiblemeanshavebeenadopted.
Everymeanshasbeentried.
3吸引原则
①邻近原则:
Neither…nor…
Either…or…
…or…
Notonly…butalso…
Therebe句型
Here引导的句子
Eg.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.
Herearesomepiecesofpaperandapenforyou.
②与第一主语一致
主语后跟:
(together)with…
alongwith…
aswellas…
like/unlike…
but/except…
ratherthan…
asmuchas…
nolessthan…
besides…
including…
inadditionto…
…not…
等引导的短语时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数定,即与第一主语一致。
Eg.Anironandsteelworks,withsomesatellitefactories,istobebuilthere.
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.
Theroomwithitsfurniturewasrented.
Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasexcited.
Iaswellasyouamafootballfan.
Henolessthanyouismyfriend.
Iratherthanhimamtoblame.
I,notyou,amwrong.
You,notI,arewrong.
Nooneexceptmyparentsknowsanythingaboutit.
(二)用单数谓语动词的情况
1each/either/neither/复合不定代词做主语
Eg.Isthereanythinginthebox?
Neitherisgood.
2整体看待的数目,时间,价值,重量…等复数n.做主语
Eg.Twentyminutesisnotenough.
Threefeetisayard.
Fifteendollarsistheprice.
999isalargenumber.
3不可数名词,动名词,不定式,从句做主语
(what从句根据句义定)
Whathesaidiscorrect.
Whatheleftmearebutafewoldbooks.
4“单数名词+and+单数名词”结构表示一种概念或事物
如何确定此结构表示一种概念或事物:
第二个名词前无冠词,第一个名词前可有可没有冠词
Eg.Thehammerandsicklewasflyingovertheroof.
Aknifeandforkwasplacedbeforeeveryguest.
Thepoetandwriterisoneofmyfriends.
Butterandbreadisusuallyeatenwithsmokedsalmon.
Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.
Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.
Toloveandtobelovedisthegreatesthappiness.
Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.
5形复单义词做主语
headquarters,works,news,以-ics结尾的学科名词,国名,运动项目
politics/mathematics/physics
theUnitedNations/theUnitedStates
Eg.Thenewswasveryexciting.
Theirheadquartersisatthefootofthemountain.
6each/every修饰名词做主语
“each/every+单数可数名词+each/every+单数可数名词”结构做主语
Eg.Everyhourandeveryminuteisimportant.
Eachboyandeachgirlwishestoservethepeopleinthefuture.
Everyman,womanandchildisanimportantbeing.
7“morethanone+单数可数名词”结构及
“manya+单数可数名词”结构做主语。
但“more+复数名词+thanone”结构和“many+复数名词”结构中,谓语动词多用复数形式。
Eg.Morethanonequestionwasasked.
Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.
Manyastudentlikespopularsongs.=
Manystudentslikepopularsongs.
8名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、或个人的住宅,做主语时动词一般用单数。
如thebaker’s,thebarbar’s,thecarpenter’s,theZhang’s…
Eg.Thedoctor’sisonthesideofthestreet.
Myuncle’sisnotfarfromhere.
注:
表示店铺的名词,一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。
Eg.Richardson’shavealotofimportedgoodstosells.
9“aseriesof/aspeciesof+n.”结构作主语时,其谓语动词用单数。
注意:
series,species的单、复数形式相同,如果series,species之前不是“a”,而是“two”一类的表示复数的词,其谓语动词用复数。
Eg.Aseriesofactionsisrepeatedoverandoveragain.
Therearetwoseriesofexperiments:
chemicalandphysical.
(三)用复数谓语动词的情况
1and连接两个名词做主语(不表示同一概念或事物时,即两个名词前都有冠词或限定词);
both…and…短语做主语
Eg.Theprofessorandthescientistgiveuslectureseveryweek.
2集合名词做主语
①一些集合名词做主语,谓语动词要求复数
cattle,police,people,mankind,poultry,militia,vermin
Eg.Thepolicehavecaughttheburglar.
Cattlearesellingatreasonableprice.
②一些集合名词做主语,谓语要求单数
machinery,equipment,merchandise,jewelry
Eg.Howmuchmachineryhasbeeninstalled?
③一些集合名词做主语看成整体时,谓语动词用单数;
强调个个成员时,谓语动词用复数;
family,team,committee,crew,staff,audience,club,class,company,crowd,enemy,government,group,public,population…
Eg.Hisfamilyisgoingtohavealongjuourney.
ThewholefamilyarewatchingTV.
ThepopulationinChinaisverylarge,andeightypercentofthepopulationinChinaarefarmers.
3the+adj.表示一类人做主语
Eg.TheoldarerespectedinChina.
4all,none,some,any,more,most等不定代词及therest,themajority做主语,修饰或指代可数名词时,要求复数谓语;修饰或指代不可数名词时,要求单数谓语.Nonebut短语视其后名词定
Eg.Mostofhisfriendsarerich.
Mostofhistimeisspentplaying.
Allareagreed.
Allgoeswell.
Nonebutthebravemandeservesareward.
Nonebutthefoolsarepreparedtobelievethat.
5分数,百分数,half修饰可数名词做主语时,谓语动词用复数;
修饰不可数名词做主语时,谓语动词用单数;
Eg.Morethan70%ofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredwith/bywater.
Three-fourthsofthestudentsinourclassareLeagueMembers.
oneandahalf+复数名词=one+单数名词+andahalf
如果表示时间,距离,重量,谓语动词用单数
如果表示数量,谓语动词用复数
Eg.Oneandahalfmileshasbeencovered.
Oneandahalfappleswereleftintheplate.
6名词性物主代词做主语时,视其义定.
Eg.Hisisanewbike./His(books)arenew.
Oursareoldbikes.
7such,thesame起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
Eg.Suchisourplan.
Sucharehiswords.
8关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中做主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
Eg.Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.
Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.
在“oneof+复数名词+who/which/that”引导的从句结构中,关系代词who/which/that的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one,因此从句中的动词应该是复数形式。
但是当one之前有theonly等修饰语时,关系代词的先行词是one而不是靠近它的复数名词,因此从句的动词应该是单数形式。
Eg.Thisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthathavebeenasked.
Shewastheonlyoneofthegirlswhowaslateforthemeeting.
9疑问代词who,what,which做主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。
Eg.Wholivesnextdoor?
ItisXiaoLi.
Wholivenextdoor?
ItisZhangandLiu.
Whichis/areyourbook/books?
Whatproduce(s)heat?
10一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具做主语时,谓语通常用复数形式,如glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。
但如果主语用“akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
Eg.Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.
11单、复数同形的名词做主语时,按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数;反之,谓语用复数。
这类词有:
means,works,species,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer…
Eg.Asheepisoverthere.
Somesheepareoverthere.
The/Thisglassworkswassetupin1980.
The/Theseglassworksareneartherailwaystation.
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