四级救命班讲义1.docx
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四级救命班讲义1.docx
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四级救命班讲义1
2019年12月
四级救命班讲义
2014年6月四级选词填空(第一套)
ManyBrazilianscannotread.In2000,aquarterofthoseaged15andolderwerefunctionallyilliterate(文盲)Many36donotwantto.Onlyoneliterateadultinthreereadsbook.The37Brazilianreads1.8nonacademicbooksayear;lessthanhalfthefigureinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.
Inarecentsurveyofreadinghabits,Brazilianscame27thoutof30countries.Argentines,theirneighbors,3818th.
Thegovernmentandbusinessesareallstrugglingindifferentwaystochangethis.OnMarch13thegovernment39aNationalPlanforBooksandReading.Thisseekstoboostreading,byfoundinglibrariesandfinancingpublishersamongotherthings.
Onediscouragementtoreadingisthatbooksare40.Mostbookshavesmallprint-runs,pushinguptheirprice.ButBrazilians'indifferencetobookshasdeeperroots.Centuriesofslaverymeantthecountry'sleaderslong41education.Primaryschoolingbecameuniversalonlyinthe1990s.
AllthismeansBrazil'sbookmarkethasthebiggestgrowth42.inthewesternworld.
Butreadingisadifficulthabittoform.Braziliansboughtfewerbooksin2004,89million,includingtextbooks43bythegovernment,thanthey
2
didin1991.LastyearthedirectorofBrazil'snationallibrary44.Hecomplainedthathehadhaftthelibrariansheneededandtermites(白蚁)hadeatenmuchofthe45.Thatoughttobeacausefornationalshame.注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
A)AverageB)collectionC)distributedD)exhibitionE)expensive
F)LaunchedG)namedH)neglectedI)normalJ)particularlyK)potentialL)quitM)rankedN)simplyO)treasured
2014年6级12月选词填空(第一套)
Childrenarenatural-bornscientists.Theyhave_36__minds,andtheyaren'tafraidtoadmittheydon'tknowsomething.Mostofthem,_37_.Losethisastheygotolder.Theybecomeself-consciousanddon'twanttoappearstupid.Insteadoffindingthingsoutforthemselvestheymake_38__thatoftenturntobewrong.
Soit'snotacaseofgettingkidsinterestedinscience.Youjusthavetoavoidkillingthe_39_forlearningthattheywerebornwith.It'snocoincidencethatkidsstartdesertingscienceonceitbecomesformalised.Childrennaturallyhaveablurredapproachto_40_knowledge.Theyseelearningaboutscienceorbiologyorcookingasallpartofthesameact—it'salllearning.It'sonlybecauseofthepracticalitiesofeducationthatyouhavetostartbreakingdownthecurriculumintospecialistsubjects.You
needtohavespecialistteacherswho__41__whattheyknow.Thusoncetheyenterschool,childrenbegintodefinesubjectsanderectboundariesthatneedn'tother-wiseexist.
Dividingsubjectsintoscience,maths,English,etc.issomethingwedofor_42_.Intheendit'salllearning,butmanychildrentoday__43__themselvesfromascientificeducation.Theythinkscienceisforscientists,notforthem.
Ofcourseweneedtospecialize_44_.EachofushasonlysomuchtimeonEarth,sowecan'tstudyeverything.At5yearsold,ourfieldofknowledgeand_45_isbroad,coveringanythingfromlearningtowalktolearningtocount.Graduallyitnarrowsdownsothatbythetimeweare45,itmightbeonetinylittlecomerwithinscience.
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
A)accidentallyB)acquiringC)assumptionsD)convenienceE)eventuallyF)excludeG)exertionH)explorationI)formu1asJ)IgniteK)ImpartL)InquiringM)PassionN)ProvokingO)Unfortunately
2017年6月四级长篇阅读
Teamspirit
[A]Teamshavebecomethebasicbuildingblocksoforganizations.Recruitmentadvertisementsroutinelycallfor"teamplayers".Businessschoolsgradetheirstudentsinpartontheirperformanceingroup
projects.Officemanagersknockdownwallstoencourageteambuilding.Teamsareasoldascivilization,ofcourse:
evenJesushad12co-workers.ButanewreportbyDeloitte,"GlobalHumanCapitalTrends",basedonasurveyofmorethan7,000executivesinover130countries,suggeststhatthefashionforteamworkhasreachedanewhigh.Almosthalfofthosesurveyedsaidtheircompanieswereeitherinthemiddleofrestructuringorabouttoembarkon(开始)it;andforthemostpart,restructuringmeantputtingmoreemphasisonteams.
[B]Companiesareabandoningconventionalfunctionaldepartmentsandorganisingemployeesintocross-disciplinaryteamsthatfocusonparticularproducts,problemsorcustomers.Theseteamsaregainingmorepowertoruntheirownaffairs.Theyarealsospendingmoretimeworkingwitheachotherratherthanreportingupwards.Deloittearguesthataneworganisationalformisontherise:
anetworkofteamsisreplacingtheconventionalhierarchy(等级体制).
[C]Thefashionforteamsisdrivenbyasensethattheoldwayoforganisingpeopleistoorigidforboththemodemmarketplaceandtheexpectationsofemployees.Technologicalinnovationplacesgreatervalueonagility(灵活性)JohnChambers,chairmanofCiscoSystemsInc.,aworldwideleaderinelectronicsproducts,saysthat"wecompeteagainstmarkettransitions(过渡),notcompetitors.Producttransitionsusedtotakefiveorsevenyears;nowtheytakeoneortwo."Digital
technologyalsomakesiteasierforpeopletoco-ordinatetheiractivitieswithoutresortingtohierarchy.The"millennials”(干禧一代)whowillsoonmakeuphalftheworkforceinrichcountrieswereraisedfromnurseryschoolonwardstoworkingroups.
[D]Thefashionforteamsisalsospreadingfromtheusualcorporatesuspects(suchasGEandIBM)tosomemoreunusualones.TheClevelandClinic,ahospitaloperator,hasreorganiseditsmedicalstaffintoteamstofocusonparticulartreatmentareas;consultants,nursesandotherscollaboratecloselyinsteadofbeingseparatedbyspeciality(专业)andrank.TheUSArmyhasgonethesameway.Inhisbook,"TeamofTeams'GeneralStanleyMcChrystaldescribeshowthearmy,shierarchicalstructurehindereditsoperationsduringtheearlystagesoftheIraqwar.Hissolutionwastolearnsomethingfromtheinsurgentsitwasfighting:
decentraliseauthoritytoself-organisingteams.
[E]Agoodruleofthumbisthatassoonasgeneralsandhospitaladministratorsjumponamanagementbandwagon,itistimetoaskquestions.LeighThompsonofKelloggSchoolofManagementinIllinoiswarnsthat,'Teamsarenotalwaystheanswer—teamsmayprovideinsight,creativityandknowledgeinawaythatapersonworkingindependentlycannot;butteamworkmayalsoleadtoconfusion,delayandpoordecision-making."ThelateRichardHackmanofHarvardUniversityonceargued,"\havenoquestionthatwhenyouhaveateam,
thepossibilityexiststhatitwillgeneratemagic,producingsomethingextraordinary...Butdon,tcountonit.”
[F]Hackman(whodiedin2013)notedthatteamsarehamperedbyproblemsofco-ordinationandmotivationthatchipawayatthebenefitsofcollaboration.High-flyersforcedtoworkinteamsmaybeundervaluedandfree-ridersempowered.Groupthinkmaybeunavoidable.Inastudyof120teamsofseniorexecutives,hediscoveredthatlessthan10%oftheirsupposedmembersagreedonwhoexactlywasontheteam.Ifitishardenoughtodefineateam'smembership,agreeingonitspurposeisharderstill.
[G]Profoundchangesintheworkforcearemakingteamstrickiertomanage.Teamsworkbestiftheirmembershaveastrongcommonculture.Thisishardtoachievewhen,asisnowthecaseinmanybigfirms,alargeproportionofstaffaretemporarycontractors.Teamworkimproveswithtime:
America'sNationalTransportationSafetyBoardfoundthat73%oftheincidentsinitscivil-aviationdatabaseoccurredonacrew'sfirstdayofflyingtogether.However,asAmyEdmondsonofHarvardpointsout,organizationsincreasinglyuse"team"asaverbratherthananoun:
theyformteamsforspecificpurposesandthenquicklydisbandthem.
[H]Theleastthatcanbeconcludedfromthisresearchisthatcompaniesneedtothinkharderaboutmanagingteams.Theyneedtorid
theirmindsofsentimentalism(感情用事):
themostsuccessfulteamshaveleaderswhoareabletosetanoveralldirectionandtakeimmediateaction.Theyneedtokeepteamssmallandfocused:
givingintopressuretobemore"inclusive"isaguaranteeofdysfunction.JeffBezos,Amazon,sboss,saysthat"IfIseemorethantwopizzasforlunch,theteamistoobig.”Theyneedtoimmunizeteamsagainstgroup-think:
Hackmanarguedthatthebestonescontain"deviants”(离经叛道者)whoarewillingtodosomethingthatmaybeupsettingtoothers.
[I]Anewstudyof12,000workersin17countriesbySteelcase,afurnituremakerwhichalsodoesconsulting,findsthatthebestwaytoensureemployeesare"engaged"istogivethemmorecontroloverwhereandhowtheydotheirwork-whichmaymeanliberatingthemfromhavingtodoeverythingincollaborationwithothers.
[J]However,organizationsneedtolearnsomethingbiggerthanhowtomanageteamsbetter:
theyneedtobeinthehabitofaskingthemselveswhetherteamsarethebesttoolsforthejob.Teambuildingskillsareinshortsupply:
Deloittereportsthatonly12%oftheexecutivestheycontactedfeeltheyunderstandthewaypeopleworktogetherinnetworksandonly21%feelconfidentintheirabilitytobuildcrossfunctionalteams.Looselymanagedteamscanbecomehotbedsofdistraction-employeesroutinelycomplainthattheycan'tgettheirworkdonebecausetheyareforcedtospendtoomuchtimeinmeetingsor
compelledtoworkinnoisyoffices.Evenintheageofopen-planoffices
andsocialnetworkssomeworkisbestlefttotheindividual.
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
36.Successfulteamleadersknowexactlywheretheteamshouldgo
andareabletotakepromptaction.
37.Decentralisationofauthoritywasalsofoundtobemoreeffective
inmilitaryoperations.
38.Inmanycompanies,theconventionalformoforganizationisgivingwaytoanetworkofteams.
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