英语写作摘要2.docx
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英语写作摘要2.docx
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英语写作摘要2
论文英文摘要写作
英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为日的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。
在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。
英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
关键词一定是实词,一般是用来概括你的论文所涉及的一至多个领域,以及你认为重要的研究方法。
比如,一篇关于水处理的论文关键词可以是:
饮用水、紫外消毒、有机物,这就可以了,当然具体的用词涉及到你的论文内容。
一、概述
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。
陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分
①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;
②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;
③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。
二、常见句型
常见的摘要句型有:
1)Thispaperdealswith...
2)Thisarticlefocusesonthetopicsof(that,having,etc)...
3)Thisessaypresentsknowledgethat...
4)Thisthesisdiscusses...
5)Thisthesisanalyzes...
6)Thispaperprovidesanoverviewof...
7)Thispaperelaborateson...
8)Thisarticlegivesanoverviewof...
9)Thisarticlecompares...andsummarizeskeyfindings.
10)Thispaperincludesdiscussionsconcerning...
11)Thispaperpresentsuptodateinformationon...
12)Thisarticlecoverstheroleofchemicalsin...
13)Thispaperaddressesimportanttopicsincluding...
14)Thispapertouchesupon...
15)Thispaperstronglyemphasizes...
16)Thiseasyrepresentstheproceedingsof...
17)Thisarticlenotonlydescribes...butalsosuggests...
18)Thispaperconsiders...
19)Thispaperprovidesamethodof...
20)Thispaperintroducesanapplicableproceduretoanalyze...
21)Thispaperoffersthelatestinformationregarding...
22)Thispaperisdevotedtoexaminingtheroleof...
23)Thisarticleexplores...
24)Thispaperexpressesviewson...
25)Thispaperreflectsthestateoftheartin...
26)Thispaperexplainstheproceduresfor...
27)Thispaperdevelopsthetheoryof...
28)Thisarticlereviewsthetechniquesusedin...
29)Thispaperinvestigatesthetechniquesandproceduresto...
30)Thisarticleisabout...
31)Thisessayisrelatedto...
32)Thispaperconcerns...
33)Thispapergivesanaccountof...
34)Thisarticletellsof...
35)Thispapertriestodescribe...
36)Thispaperprovidesananalysisof...
37)Thispaperreportsthelatestinformationon...
38)Theauthorofthisarticlereviews...
39)Thewriterofthispaperdiscusses...
40)Thewriterofthisessaytriestoexplore...
41)Theaimofthispaperistodetermine...
42)Thepurposeofthisarticleistoreview...
43)Theobjectiveofthispaperistoexplore...
破题用语,一般有:
①Theauthorofthisarticlereviews(or:
discusses,describes,summarizes,examines)something……
②Thisarticlereviews(or:
reports,tellsof,isabout,concerns)something…….
③Thisarticlehasbeenprepared(or:
designed,written)…….
④Thepurposeofthisarticleistodeterminesomething…….
⑤Theproblemofsomethingisdiscussed…….
结论和建议,一般有以下几种写法:
①Theauthorsuggests(recommends,concludes)that…….
②Thisarticleshowsthat…….
③Itissuggestedthat…….
④Theauthor'ssuggestion(or:
conclusion)isthat……
⑤Theauthorfindsitnecessaryto…….
三、分类举例
1)陈述型论文摘要。
陈述型论文摘要(DescriptiveAbstract)一般只说明论文的主题是什么,多半不介绍内容。
例1
ABSTRACT
ThisarticleextendsLehandandPyle(1997)modeltoincludethepossibilitythatmanagermayexploitcooperatewealththroughtransactionswithaffiliatedcompaniesand/orindividuals.Theresultsofourmodelshowthattheamountsofwealthexploitationareaffectedbyseveralfactors.Theyareinorderlymanagerialstockholding,theseverityofpenalty,themanager'sriskattitude,firm'sexpectedfuturecashflows,andthevarianceoffuturecashflows.What'smore,therelationbetweenmanagerialholdingandtheamountofwealthexploitationisnotseparate.Wealthexploitationriseswithmanagementshareholdingsbeforethebreakpoint.Whenmanagerialholdingexceedsthebreakpoint,anyfurtherincreaseinthemanagementholdingswilldecreasetheamountofwealthexploitation
例2
ABSTRACT
Theeffectofpricelimitonthestockreturn,volatilityandthestructuralchangeisanalyzedthroughageneralizedautoregressiveconditionalheterscedasticity(GARCH)model.Theinteractionbetweenstockreturnsanditsvolatilityispermittedineachpricelimitregime.Whilethestockreturndoesnotgoupwhenthepricelimitgoesdownfrom5%to7%.Thestockvolatility,ontheotherhand,issubstantiallydifferentacrossthreeregimes.Thehigherthepricelimit,thelargeristhevolatility.InendtheGARCHmodeldoesnotsufferfromthestructuralchangewhenpricelimitschange.
例3
ABSTRACT
Thisissuepresentsacompletesurveyontheintegrin,immunoglobulin,andselectionfamiliescellularexpressionpatternsonendothelial,residentcellsandgraftinfiltratingcellsinhumanstomach,heart,andlungtransplants.Itdescribesthepatternsofcellularexpressionandinducibilityindifferentpathologicalconditionsofthegraft.Italsodiscussestheimplicationsfortheorganspecificappearanceofinflammatoryreactionsinhumanstomach,heartandlungtransplantsasforimmunosuppressiveandtherapeuticinterventions.
例4
ABSTRACT
Weclassifiedfirm'sfinancingdecisionsintofourcategories:
internalfinancingbanking,bankloans,convertiblebondsandpreferredstocks,andnewcommonshares.
Thispaperusespooledcross-sectionandtimeseriesdata.Whentheadjusteddataisused,wefindthatB/Mhasexplanatorypowertostockreturnsforthenew-issuecategory;C/Ffortheinternalfinancingcategory.
Thesizevariableisalsosignificantinallcategories.However,thesignisnotconsistent.Theconvertiblecategoryhasreversesizeeffectandothershavesizeeffects.AsfortheE/Pvariable,wedon'tfindanyadditionalexplanatorypowertostockreturnsforanycategory.Theuseofdifferentdefinitionofsizehardlychangesourresults.
例5ContactProblemsintheClassicalTheoryofElasticity
CONTACTPROBLEMSINTHECLASSICALTHEORYOFELASTICITY byG.M.Gladwell
Thisarticlegivesanaccountofcontactproblemsintheclassicaltheoryofelasticity.Itbeginsfromfundamentalprinciplesandaimstoofferinformationonrecentdevelopmentsonthissubjectthatthereadercantakeadvantagetowidenhishorizonofcontactproblems.
例6UseofEngineeringMetals
ABSTRACT
Thisarticleshowsustheimportanceofmetalsinourdailylife,especiallyinmachinebuildingandengineeringconstruction.Metalsthatareusedinindustryarecalledengineeringmetals,ofwhichthemostwidely-usedisiron.Therefore,productionofironisverycriticaltothedevelopmentofanation.
例7PureandAppliedScience
ABSTRACT
Inthisarticle,theauthorholdsthatpurescienceisfundamentallyconcernedwiththedevelopmentoftheoriesestablishingrelationshipsbetweenthephenomenaoftheuniverse.Ontheotherhandappliedscience,isdirectlyconnectedwiththeapplicationoftheworkinglawsofpuresciencetothepracticalaffairsinthelife,andtoman'sincreasingcontrolovertheenvironment,thusleadingtothedevelopmentofnewtechniques,processesandmachines.Itisevidentthatmanybranchesofappliedsciencearepracticalextensionsofpurelytheoreticalorexperimentalwork.Itshowstousthatthesetwobranchesofsciencearemutuallydependentandinteracting.
2)信息型论文摘要。
信息型论文摘要(InformationalAbstract)与陈述型论文摘要相比,略有不同。
它除了介绍论文的主题外,还应介绍论文的主要观点以及各观点部分的核心内容。
这种形式实际中相对少见。
显然,这种形式的摘要较陈述型摘要长得多。
例如:
例1ProbableDevelopmentofAgriculturalMechanization
ABSTRACT
Thisarticlereviewsthepastachievementsinagriculturalmechanizationandaimstopredictthedevelopmentsintheimmediatefuture.Itiswidelyacknowledgedthattocopewithgreatercropoutput,itisnecessarytomakeuseofmorepowerfulequipmentthatiscapableofmoreextensiveworkwithinthelimitedtime.
Themainproblemsarediscussedunderthefollowingheadings.
1)GeneralTrendofMechanization
2)MechanizationofCropFarming
3)MechanizationofAnimalHusbandry
Thearticleconcludesthatfurtherprogressofagriculturalmechanizationdependson,toagreatextent,thedevelopmentofmechanicalindustry,whichshouldbespurredandencouraged.
例2CulturalFactorsinTranslationandTheirTransfer
ABSTRACT
Thisthesisattemptstoapplygeneralknowledgeoflinguistics,anthropologyandtranslationtotheresearchofculturalfactorsintranslationandtheirtransfer.
Thethesisconcludesabriefintroductionandfourchapters.Theintroductionpresentsthespecifictopicandraisesseveralrelatedissues.ChapterOneisdevotedtotherelationshipbetweenlanguage,cultureandtranslation.ChapterTwofocusonthecategorizationofculturalfactorsintranslation.ChapterThreetalksaboutthreetopics:
translatability,majortranslationmethodsofculturalfactors,andthetransferofsomeimportantculturalsubcategories.Thelastchaptergivesananalysisofsomeinappropriatetranslationsanddrawsageneralconclusionforthewholethesis.
例3
ABSTRACT
Internationalizationandliberalizationofbusinessactivitieshavebecometwoofthemostsignificantphenomenaforthesuccessfuloperationsofcontemporaryenterprises.Atpresent,theprevalenceofnationalprotectionismandtheestablishmentofregionaleconomiccommunitieshavefurtherenhancedmanyfirmstotakepartinoverseasinvestmentsinorderthatthetariffandnon-tariffbarriersoftheproductscouldbereducedoreliminated.
Yet,companiesoperateindifferentcountrieswithdifferentpolitical,legal,economic,andsocialculturalsurroundingsmighthavedifferentmanagementstylesandstrategicoperating
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