绩效考核的困境外文翻译及原文.docx
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绩效考核的困境外文翻译及原文.docx
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绩效考核的困境外文翻译及原文
原文一:
TheDilemmaofPerformanceAppraisal
ByPeterProwseandJulieProwse
Itwilloutlinethedevelopmentofindividualperformancebeforelinkingtoperformancemanagementinorganizations.Theoutcomesoftechniquestoincreaseorganizationalcommitment,increasejobsatisfactionwillbecriticallyevaluated.ItwillfurtherexaminethetransatlanticdebatesbetweenliteratureonefficiencyandeffectivenessintheNorthAmericanandtheUnitedKingdom)evidencetoevaluatetheHRMdevelopmentandcontributionofperformanceappraisaltoindividualandorganizationalperformance.
Appraisalpotentiallyisakeytoolinmakingthemostofanorganisation’shumanresources.Theuseofappraisaliswidespreadestimatedthat80–90%oforganizationsintheUSAandUKwereusingappraisalandanincreasefrom69to87%oforganisationsbetween1998and2004reportedaformalperformancemanagementsystem(ArmstrongandBaron,1998:
200).Therehasbeenlittleevidenceoftheevaluationoftheeffectivenessofappraisalbutmoreonthedevelopmentinitsuse.Between1998and2004asamplefromtheCharteredInstituteofPersonnelandDevelopment(CIPD,2007)of562firmsfound506wereusingperformanceappraisalinUK.
Whatisalsovitaltoemphasiseistherisinguseofperformanceappraisalfeedbackbeyondperformanceforprofessionalsandmanagerstonearly95%ofworkplacesinthe2004WERSsurvey(seeTable13.1).ClearlytheuseofAppraisalshasbeenthedevelopmentandextensionofappraisalstocoveralargeproportionoftheUKworkforceandthecoverageofnonmanagerialoccupationsandtheextendeduseinprivateandpublicsectors.
Critiquesofappraisalhavecontinuedasappraisalshaveincreasedinuseandscopeacrosssectorsandoccupations.Thedominantcritiqueisthemanagementframeworkusingappraisalasanorthodoxtechniquethatseekstoremedytheweaknessandproposeofappraisalsasasystemtodevelopperformance.
This“orthodox”approacharguesthereareconflictingpurposesofappraisal(Strebleretal,2001).Appraisalcanmotivatestaffbyclarifyingobjectivesandsettingclearfutureobjectiveswithprovisionfortraininganddevelopmentneedstoestablishtheperformanceobjective.Theseconflictswithassessingpastperformanceanddistributionofrewardsbasedonpastperformance(Bach,2005:
301).
Employeesarereluctanttoconfideanylimitationsandconcernsontheircurrentperformanceasthiscouldimpactontheirmeritrelatedrewardorpromotionopportunities(NewtonandFindley,1996:
43).ThisconflictswithperformanceasacontinuumasappraisersarechallengedwithdifferingrolesasbothmonitorsandjudgesofperformancebutanunderstandingcounsellorwhichRandell(1994)arguesfewmanagershavenotreceivedtherainingtoperform.AppraisalManager’sreluctancetocriticisealsostemsfromclassicevidencefromMcGregorthatmanagersarereluctanttomakeanegativejudgementonanindividual’sperformanceasitcouldbedemotivating,leadtoaccusationsoftheirownsupportandcontributiontoindividualpoorperformanceandtoalsoavoidinterpersonalconflict(McGregor,1957).
Oneconsequenceofthisavoidanceofconflictistorateallcriterionascentralandavoidanyconflictknownasthecentraltendency.InastudyofseniormanagersbyLongneckeretal.(1987),theyfoundorganisationalpoliticsinfluencedratingsof60seniorexecutives.Thefindingswerethatpoliticsinvolveddeliberateattemptsbyindividualstoenhanceorprotectself-interestswhenconflictingcoursesofactionarepossibleandthatratingsanddecisionswereaffectedbypotentialsourcesofbiasorinaccuracyintheirappraisalratings(Longeneckeretal.,1987).
TherearemethodsoffurtherbiasbeyondLongenecker’sevidence.Thepoliticaljudgementsandtheyhavebeendistortedfurtherbyoverratingsomeclearcompetenciesinperformanceratherthanbeingcriticalacrossallratedcompetenciesknownasthehaloeffectandifsomecompetenciesarelowertheymayprejudicethejudgmentacrossthepositivereviewsknownasthehornseffect(ACAS,1996).
OneconsequenceofthisavoidanceofconflictistorateallcriterionascentralTherearemethodsSomeratingsmayonlycincluderecenteventsandtheseareknownastherecencyeffects.Inthiscaseonlyrecenteventsarenotedcomparedtomanagersgatheringandusingdatathroughouttheappraisalperiod.Aparticularconcernistheequityofappraisalforratingswhichmaybedistortedbygender,ethnicityandtheratingsofappraisersthemselves.ArangeofstudiesinboththeUSandUKhavehighlightedsubjectivityintermsofgender(Alimo-Metcalf,1991;White,1999)andethnicityoftheappraiseandappraiser(GeddesandKonrad,2003).Suggestionsandsolutionsonresolvingbiaswillbereviewedlater.
Thesecondanalysisistheradicalcritiqueofappraisal.Thisisthemorecriticalmanagementliteraturethatarguesthatappraisalandperformancemanagementareaboutmanagementcontrol(NewtonandFindley,1996;Townley,1993).Itarguesthattightermanagementcontroloveremployeebehaviourcanbeachievedbytheextensionofappraisaltomanualworkers,professionalasmeanstocontrol.ThisdevelopstheliteratureofFoucaultusingpowerandsurveillance.Thisliteratureusescasesinexamplesofpublicservicecontrolonprofessionalssuchateachers(Healy,1997)andUniversityprofessionals(Townley,1990).
Thisevidencearguestheincreasedcontrolofpublicservicesusingappraisalasamethodofcontrolandthattheoutcomeofmanagerialobjectivesignoresthedevelopmentalroleofappraisalandratingsareawardedforpeoplewhoacceptandembracethecultureandorganizationalvalues.However,thisliteratureignorestheemployeeresistanceandtheuseofprofessionalunionstochallengetheattemptstoexertcontroloverprofessionalsandstaffintheappraisalprocess(Bach,2005:
306).
ThisevidencearguesOneofthedifferentissuesofremovingbiaswastheuseofthetestmetaphor(Folgeretal.,1992).Thiswasbasedontheassumptionthatappraisalratingswereatechnicalquestionofassessing“true”performanceandthereneededtobeincreasedreliabilityandvalidityofappraisalasaninstrumenttodevelopmotivationandperformance.Thesourcesofraterbiasanderrorscanberesolvedbyimprovedorganisationaljusticeandincreasingreliabilityofappraiser’sjudgement.
Howevertherewereproblemssuchasanassumptionthatyoucanstatejobrequirementsclearlyandtheorganizationis“rational”withobjectivesthatreflectvaluesandthatthejudgmentbyappraisers’arevaluefreefrompoliticalagendasandpersonalobjectives.Secondlythereisthesecondissueofsubjectivityifappraisalratingswheredecisionsonappraisalareratedbya“politicalmetaphor”(Hartle,1995).
This“politicalview”arguesthataappraisalisoftendonebadlybecausethereisalackoftrainingforappraisersandappraisersmayseetheappraisalasawasteoftime.Thisbecomesaprocesswhichmanagershavetoperformandnotasapotentialtoimproveemployeeperformance.Organisationsinthiscontextare“political”andtheappraisersseektomaintainperformancefromsubordinatesandviewappraisesasinternalcustomerstosatisfy.Thismeansmanagersuseappraisaltoavoidinterpersonalconflictanddevelopstrategiesfortheirownpersonaladvancementandseekaquietlifebyavoidingcensurefromhighermanagers.
Thisperceptionmeansmanagersalsoseeappraiseeseeksgoodratingandgenuinefeedbackandcareerdevelopmentbyseekingevidenceofcombiningemployeepromotionandpayrise.Thismeansappraisalratingsbecomepoliticaljudgementsandseektoavoidinterpersonalconflicts.Theapproachesofthe“test”and“political”metaphorsofappraisalareinaccurateandlackobjectivityandjudgementofemployeeperformanceisinaccurateandaccuracyisavoided.Theissueishowcanorganisationsresolvethislackofobjectivity?
Grint(1993)arguesthatthesolutionstoobjectivityliesinpartwithMcGregor’s(1957)classiccritiquebyretrainingandremovalof“topdown”ratingsbymanagersandreplacementwithmultipleraterevaluationwhichremovesbiasandtheobjectivitybyupwardperformanceappraisal.Thevalidityofupwardappraisalmeanstheremovalofsubjectiveappraisalratings.Thisapproachisalsosuggestedtoremovegenderbiasinappraisalratingsagainstwomeninappraisals(Fletcher,1999).Thesolutionofmultiplereporting(internalcolleagues,customersandrecipientsofservices)willreducesubjectivityandinequityofappraisalratings.Thisargumentdevelopsfurtherbytheriseintheneedtoevaluateprojectteamsandincreasinglevelsofteamworktoincludepeerassessment.Thesolutionsalsointheorymeanincreasedclosercontactwithindividualmanagerandappraisesandincreasingserviceslinkedtocustomerfacingevaluations.
However,negativefeedbackstilldemotivatesandplentyoffeedbackandexplanationbymanagerwhocollatesfeedbackratherthanjudgesperformanceandfailtosummariseevaluations.TherearehoweverstillproblemswithaccuracyofappraisalobjectivityasWalkerandSmither(1999)5yearstudyof252managersover5yearperiodstillidentifiedissueswithsubjectiveratingsin360degreeappraisals.Therearestillissuesonthesubjectivityofappraisalsbeyondtheareasoflackoftraining.
Thecontributionofappraisalisstronglyrelatedtoemployeeattitudesandstrongrelationshipswithjobsatisfaction(FletcherandWilliams,1996).Theevidenceonappraisalstillremainspositiveintermsofreinvigoratingsocialrelationshipsatwork(Townley,1993)andthewidespreadadoptioninlargepublicservicesintheUKsuchasthenationalhealthService(NHS)isthevaluablecontributiontolinemanagersdiscussionwithstaffontheirpastperfor
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