On the Writing Style of Tess of the DUrbervilles by Thomas Hardyr.docx
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On the Writing Style of Tess of the DUrbervilles by Thomas Hardyr.docx
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OntheWritingStyleofTessoftheDUrbervillesbyThomasHardyr
ABSTRACT
OntheWritingStyleofTessoftheD’UrbervillesbyThomasHardy
ThisresearchpaperconcentratesonthewritingstyleofTessoftheD'Urbervillesin.Afterintroducingsomebackgroundaboutthenovelbriefly,thepapertakesuptheviewasthethesisthatwecananalyzeandexplorethenovel'smainthemesthroughadetaileddiscussionaboutthewritingstyleofit.Tosupportthisthesis,thepaperisdevelopedintothreemajorparts.Thefirstpartputsanemphasisonthecriticalrealistsignificancemirroredinthenovel.Thesecondpartfocusesonthenaturalismreflectedinthenovel.Thethirdpartdealswiththeartisticfeature'srolesinthenovel.Theconclusionrestatesthethesisofthepaperandgivesageneralcommentonthenovel.
Keywords:
critical,realist,naturalism,artistic
Outline
OntheWritingStyleofTessoftheD’UrbervillesbyThomasHardy
Ⅰ.Introduction
A.Introductionoftheauthor
B.Introductionoftheplotofthenovel
C.Explorationofthenovel’smainideasthroughthediscussionaboutthewritingstyleofit
Ⅱ.Criticalrealistsignificancesmirroredinthenovel
A.Exposureofcapitalistinvasionintothecountry
B.Attackontheoldconventionsandmoralities
C.Criticismoftheirrationalityofthecapitalistlaw
Ⅲ.Naturalismreflectedinthenovel
A.BriefintroductionofHardy'snaturalistictendency
B.PortrayalofthecharacterofTess
1.Apurewoman
2.Unyieldingbutnarrowpersonality
3.Innocentvictimofthesociety
C.Purewoman'scollisionwiththeharshenvironment
Ⅳ.Artisticfeature
A.Allegory
B.Poeticdepictionofthelandscape
C.Ingeniousapplicationofthesymbolicapproach
Ⅴ.Conclusion
A.Restatementofthethesis
B.Generalcomment
OntheWritingStyleofTessoftheD’UrbervillesbyThomasHardy
ThomasHardy(1840-1928),theauthorofTessoftheD'Urbervilles,isgenerallyviewedasthelastimportantnovelistofthe19thcentury.Heisoftenregardedasatransitionalwriternotonlybecausehelivedattheturnofthecentury,butmoreimportantlybecausethereistheinfluenceonhimfromboththepastandthemodern.Justassomepeopleputit,heisintellectuallyadvancedandemotionallytraditional.HeacceptedtheideasofDarwin,andwasinfluencedbySpencer,bothofwhichweregreatthinkersofhistime.ButinhisWessexnovels,thereisanapparentnostalgictouchofthesimpleandbeautifulthoughprimitiverurallife,whichwasgraduallydisappearingasEnglandmarchedintoanindustrialcountry.
So,ontheonehand,thereisbitterandsharpcriticismofhistowardstheirrational,hypocriticalandunfairVictorianconventionsandmoralities,whichstrangletheindividualwillanddestroynaturalhumanemotionsandrelationships.Ontheotherhand,naturalismseemstohaveplayedanimportantroleinhisnovels.Hisbeliefthatman'sfateispredeterminedlytragicendowshischaracterswithmysteriouscolorwhoarealwaysimpotentbeforethestrongforceof“nature”,bothinsideandoutside.Thispessimisticviewoflifeearnshimareputationasanaturalisticwriter.
MostofHardy’snovelsaresetinWessex,theprimitiveandcruderuralregionwhichisreallythehomeplacehebothlovesandhates.Theyareknownfortherealisticandvividdepictionofthevariationsoflifeofpeoplewholiveinanagriculturalsettingthreatenedbytheforceofinvadingcapitalism.Hisbestlocal-coloredworksarehislaterones,suchasTheReturnoftheNative(1878),TheTrumpetMayor(1880),TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886),TheWoodlanders(1887),TessoftheD'Urbervilles(1891)andJudetheObscure(1896).Theseworks,knownas“novelsofcharacterandenvironment”,arealwaysconsideredtobethemostrepresentativeofhimasbothanaturalisticandcriticalrealistwriter.
Theheroineofthenovel,Tess,isapurepeasantgirl.Sentbyhermother,shegoestoclaimkindredwithamoreprosperousbranchoftheD'Urbervillesfamily.Andtheresheisseducedbytheyoungmasterofthehouse,Alec,andthenhastoreturnhomeindisgrace.Aftergivingbirthtoachildwhodiessoon,shemeetsAngelClare,sonofaclergyman,andhefallsinlovewithherandmarriesher.OntheweddingnightTessandClaretelleachotherabouttheirpast,hopingtobeforgivenbyeachother.
ButClare,afterhearingTess'sconfession,leavesherheartlesslyandcruellyforBrazil.Helplessandhopeless,Tesshastowanderfromplacetoplace,doingthehardestworkandenduringtheharshestinsult.Thenherfather'sdeathandtheexpulsionofherfamilyfromtheircottageforcehertoseekforassistancefromAlec,andthelatter,nowapreachersoonresumeshisformerviciousrelationswithher.Tesscandonothingbutobey.AngelClarereturnsrepentantandreadytobereconciledtoTess,butTessfindsthatherlivingwithAlechindersherfromreturningtoClare.ShekillsAlecinhatredanddespairandthenisquicklyarrestedandhanged.
AsoneofthebestandmostpopularworkbyHardy,thisnovelcentersitselfonthemiserableandunfortunateexperiencesofTess,givingatruthfulandvividdescriptionoftheconflictsbetweenabeautifulandpoeticalimageofapeasantwomanandthecruelanddarksocialrealitiesonher.Bydepictingthetwo-sidedpersecutionsapurewomansufferedbothphysicallyandmentallyandrevealingherenrichedandprofoundspirit,theauthorexposedandcondemnedruthlesslyandboldlythecapitalistessence.Atthesametime,throughdescribingthetragicexperiencesthroughoutTess'slife,Hardyshowsushisideaoffatalism,expressinghisworriesandanxietiesaboutthelife,andtakesitasasymbol,conveyinghispessimisticanddisappointedattitudestowardthesocialreality,commonpeople'stroublesandtribulationsandtheethicalconventionsandmoralitiesofthetime.Notonlycanweunderstandtheauthor'screativemotivefromtheplotofthenovel,butalsowecananalyzeandexploreitthroughadetaileddiscussionabouttheclear-cutwritingstyleofthenovel.
Firstofall,thecriticalrealistsignificancescanbeseenclearlyinthenovel,whicharemirroredinthefollowingmajorthreeaspects.
Firstly,thenovelmakesavividandtruthfulpresentationofthemiserableandsorrowfulexperiencessufferedbyEnglishpeasants,throughwhichtheauthorrealisticallyexposesthecapitalistinvasionintothecountryanddestructionoftheEnglishpeasantrytowardstheendofthe19thcentury.Thecapitalism'scomingintoexistencebringsgreatdisasterstothelaboringpeoplebothmateriallyandspiritually.Thecapitalistsmakemoreandmoreprofitsbycruellyexploitingthelaboringpeoplewhiletheyhavetoworkalldayandallnightwithlittleearnings.Asaresult,squeezedandoppressedbythecapitalists,theworkingpeopleliveapoverty-strickenlifeandtoleratethegreatsufferingsfromboththebodyandthesoul.Forexample,itisbecauseoftheeconomicpovertyofherfamilythatTessisforcedtoapproach,thentoworkfor,theD'Urbervilles.Alec,aprofligatesonoftherichD'Urbervilles,isatypicalrepresentativeofthecapitalism.HispersecutionofTessrepresentstheevilsofthepower,wealthandmoralsinthecapitalistsociety.Later,Tessworksonafarmoperatedunderthecapitalisticmodeofproduction.Theresheisconstantlydoingthemostandthehardestwork.
Herbindingproceedswithclock-likemonotony.Fromthesheaflastfinished…holdingthecorninanembracelikethatofalover…andasthedaywearsonitsfemininesmoothnessbecomesscarifiedbythestubble,andbleeds.①
Tesswasdoingthehardestworkcontinually,competingwiththereaping-machineexhaustedly,andsometimes,shewouldfalldownunconsciouslyontheground.Alltheseapparentlyindicatedtheextremeinjusticeandbrutalityofthecapitalisticmodeoftheproductionofthetime.
Secondly,thenovelisafierceattackontheoldVictorianconventionsandmoralitiesthatareirrational,hypocriticalandunfair.IfitcanbesaidthatAlec'spersecutionsofTessmaybecharacterizedmainlybymorephysicalones,Clare'streadonTessmaybeprimarilydescribedasbothspirituallyandmorally.AfterhehearsTess'snaiveconfession,nottakinghisowndisgracefulpastintoconsideration,hedesertsherrelentlesslyandthusbringsgreatagonytoher.Asaresult,Tesssuffersalotfrombothmindsandhearts.
“AmItobelievethis?
FromyourmannerIamtotakeittrue.Oyoucannotbeoutofyourmind…Ah,yes,youwouldhavetoldmeinaway—butIhinderedyou,Iremember!
”
“OTess,forgivenessdoesnotapplytothecase!
Youwereoneperson;nowyouareanother.MyGod—howcanforgivenessmeetsuchagrotesque—prestidigitationasthat!
”②
Originally,Claredoesn'treallytakeinthewholestorynarratedbyTess,butashebeginstounderstanditentirely,hisfacebecomeslikeanoldman's.Hemakesuncertainmovements,becauseeverythinginhisheadisvagueanduncertain.Hecannotmakehimselfthinkclearly.However,aftermanyupsanddownsinhisminds,helookscalmandcold,fullofself-control.HestillfindsitdifficulttoacceptthatTessisnotwhatsheseems.AsforClare,theimmoralityattachedtoTess'spasthasbeenunnaturalandheevenhasdespisedher.AngelClarehasimaginedhimselftobeanenlightenedhumanist,butwhenhediscovershiswife'simmoralhistoryhefindsthathisnewattitudeshavepenetratednodeeperthanhisintellect.JustasthenovelsaysthattheintellectualAngelisthe“slavetocustomandconventionality”③whiletherelativelyignorantTessisthetruehumanist.
Foronething,theauthorgivesastrongcriticismoftheoldandstubborntraditionalmoralitiesfirmlyexistedinClare'sminds.Foeanother,heisbea
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