六级语法.docx
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六级语法.docx
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六级语法
2012年六级语法
1、定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1)特指双方都明白的人或物:
Takethemedicine.把药吃了。
2)上文提到过的人或事:
Heboughtahouse.I‘vebeentothehouse.
他买了幢房子。
我去过那幢房子。
3)指世上独一物二的事物:
thesun,thesky,themoon,theearth
4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:
thedollar美元;
thefox狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:
therich富人;theliving生者。
5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面:
Wheredoyoulive?
Iliveonthesecondfloor.你住在哪?
我住在二层。
That‘stheverythingI‘vebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的东西。
6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:
Theyaretheteachersofthisschool.指全体教师)
Theyareteachersofthisschool.(指部分教师)
7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:
Shecaughtmebythearm..她抓住了我的手臂。
8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:
thePeople‘sRepublicofChina中华人民共和国
theUnitedStates美国
9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:
Sheplaysthepiano.她会弹钢琴。
10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
theGreens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)
11)用在惯用语中:
intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country)inthedark,intherain,inthedistance,inthemiddle(of),intheend,
onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre
2、零冠词的用法
1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:
England,Mary;
2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
重磅阅读
Theyareteachers.他们是教师。
3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败乃成功之母。
4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;
Mancannotlivewithoutwater.人离开水就无法生存。
5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如:
havebreakfast,playchess
8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
Ican‘twritewithoutpenorpencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
9)当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;bybus,bytrain;
10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
gotohospital去医院看病
gotothehospital去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠词的序数词;
a.序数词前有物主代词
b.序数词作副词Hecamefirstintherace.
c.在固定词组中at(the)first,firstofall,fromfirsttolast
三、倒装语法精要
全部倒装和部分倒装:
如果谓语在主语前面,就是倒装语序.倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装.在全部倒装的句子中,整个谓语都放在主语的前面:
Herearesomeregisteredlettersforyou.
Incameamanwithawhitebeard.
在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词,情态动词,或系动词be等)放在主语前面,其余部分仍在主语后面:
Undernocircumstancesmustasoldierleavehispost.
Icouldn’tanswerthequestion.Norcouldanyoneelseinourclass.
Onlyinthiswayisitpossibletoaccomplishtheabove-mentionedglorioustask.
以neither,nor,so等开始的句子:
由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句),由neither,nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句),助动词或be置于主语前.
“Wemuststartforthework-sitenow”.“Somustwe.”
Iamquitewillingtohelpandsoaretheothers.
Hedidn’tdropanyhint.Nor(Neither)didhissecretary.
“Iwon’tdosuchathing.”“Nor(Neither)willI.”
如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思,尽管是用so开头,语序也不要颠倒.
“Itwascoldyesterday.”“Soitwas.”
“TomorrowwillbeMonday.”“Soitwill.”
当句首状语为never,little,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时,一般引起部分倒装.
Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.
Nosoonerhadhearrivedtherethanhefellill.
UndernocircumstancescouldIagreetosuchaprinciple.
表示位置或方向的副词提前,谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时,通常用全部倒装:
Therewasasuddengustofwindandawaywenthishat.
ThedoorburstopenandIrushedthecrowd.
Therecomesthebus!
Nowcomesyourturn.
1.如果主语是代词,仍用正常语序:
Therecomesyourturn.
有here引起,谓语为be的句子,也要倒装:
HereisChina’slargesttropicalforest.
Herearesomepicture-books.
2.如果主语是代词,仍用正常语序:
Hereweare.Thisisthenewrailwaystation.
“Givemesomepaper.”“Hereyouare.”
3.表语和系动词提前:
介词短语:
OntheothersidewasnorthernXinjiang.
Nearthesouthernendofthevillagewasalargepearorchard.
形容词:
Veryimportantinthefarmer’slifeistheradioweatherreport.
Worstofallwerethehumiliationshesuffered.
副词:
Belowisarestaurant.
Southwestofthereservoirwere2,000acresofsandywasteland.
分词:
HousedintheCulturalPalacearealibrary,anauditoriumandrecreationrooms.
Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold,silver,copper,leadandzink.
Lyingonthefloorwasaboyagedabout17.
Standingbesidethetablewasaninterpreter.
6)句首状语若由only+副词,only+介词词组,only+状语从句构成,引起局部倒装:
Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.
Onlythroughsheerluckdidhemanagetogetsometickets.
Onlybecausethereweresomecancelledbookingsdidhegetsometicketsintheend.
有notonly开头的句子或分句,往往引起局部倒装:
Notonlydidhecomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.
Notonlydidthegarageoverchargeme,buttheyhadn’tdoneaverygoodrepairjobeither.
4、定语从句
限制和非限制性定语从句:
限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确;非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质,去掉了不会影响主要意义,通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.
Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.
Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.
如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词,或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词,其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:
MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.
Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.
Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythepostgraduates.
在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代.
Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.
Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.
定语从句的引导词
that,who,whom:
非限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who较多).如果关系代词在从句中作宾语,就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉,在口语中可用who代替whom.
Hereistheman(whom)you’vebeenlookingfor.
Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.
Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.
TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.
但在介词后只能用whom:
ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.
但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去,这时可用that,但省略时更多一些.
Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?
Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingabout
ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.
Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.
限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all,everything等词时):
Haveyoueverythingyouneed?
(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?
Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.
在介词后只能用which,在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去,这时可以用that,但省略的时候更多一些:
Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.
Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.
Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.
Thisisthequestion(that)we’vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.
定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的,但间或也可以修饰整个句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引导词用which:
Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.
Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted
Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping.
Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.
whose:
在表示“...的”这个概念时,可用所有格whose;whose用于指物,有时可与ofwhich交替使用,通常的词序是名词词组+ofwhich:
Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?
Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.(…thepurposeofwhichwas…)
He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(…whosenameI’ve…)
ofwhich前的名词词组也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基数词担任;这些词也能用在ofwhom之前.
Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.
It’safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.
关系副词when,where,why:
它们的含义相当于atwhich,inwhich,forwhich,因此它们之间有交替使用的可能.
Thedaywhenhewasborn…
onwhichhewasborn…
whichhewasbornon…
Theofficewhereheworks…
atwhichheworks…
whichheworksat…
有时可用that替代关系副词,在口语中that可省略.
Everytime(that)thetelephonerings,hegetsnervous.
ThiswasthefirsttimeIhadserioustroublewithmyboss.
Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?
Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.
Thatisthereason(why)hedidit.
在theway后也可用that替代inwhich,在口语中that也可省略.
Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hedidit.
That’sthewayIlookatit.
如果定语从句中谓语为thereis,作主语的关系代词也常可省掉:
ImustmakefulluseofthetimethereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.
Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoNanjing.
定语从句的简化:
定语从句与不定式结构,-ing分词结构,-ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系.
Hewastheonlyonetorealizethedanger(=whorealizedthedanger).
Thewomandrivingthecar(=whowasdrivingthecar)indicatedthatshewasgoingtoturnleft.
Themaninjuredbythebullet(=whowasinjuredbythebullet)wastakentohospital.
Allthewomenpresent(=whowerepresent)lookedupinalarm.
5、动词语法
时态
1)现在完成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成):
动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.
I’vebeensittinginthegarden.
2)过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词构成):
过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.
Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.
3)将来完成进行时:
将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.
Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.
4)将来完成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):
将来某时会业已发生的事.
Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.
They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.
语态
可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.
Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,
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