科技译文Word文档格式.docx
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科技译文Word文档格式.docx
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Yourgoalistodesignaseriesoftestcasesthathaveahighlikelihoodoffindingerrors.
Softwaretestingtechniquesprovidesystematicguidancefordesigningteststhat-exercisetheinternallogicofsoftwarecomponents.-exercisetheinputandoutputdomainsoftheprogramtouncovererrorsinprogramfunction,behavior,andperformance.
♦Whodoesit?
Duringearlystagesoftesting,asoftwareengineerperformsalltests.
Asthetestingprocessprogresses,testingspecialistsmaybecomeinvolved.
♦Whyisitimportant?
ReviewsandotherSQAactivitiescananddouncovererrors,buttheyarenotsufficient.
Youhavetoexecutetheprogrambeforeitgetstothecustomerwiththespecificintentoffindingandremovingallerrors.
Inordertofindthehighestpossiblenumberoferrors,testsmustbeconductedsystematicallyandtestcasesmustbedesignedusingdisciplinedtechniques.
♦Whatarethesteps?
Softwareistestedfromtwodifferentperspectives:
-Internalprogramlogicisexercisedusing“whitebox”testcasedesigntechniques.
-Softwarerequirementsareexercisedusing“blackbox”testcasedesigntechniques.
♦Whatistheworkproduct?
-asetoftestcasesdesignedtoexercisebothinternallogic
-externalrequirementsisdesignedanddocumented
-expectedresultsaredefined,andactualresultsarerecorded.
2.SoftwareTestingFundamentals
(1)TestingObjectives
♦Testingisaprocessofexecutingaprogramwiththeintentoffindinganerror.
♦Asuccessfultestisonethatuncoversanas-yet-undiscoverederror.
♦testingdemonstratesthatsoftwarefunctionsappeartobeworkingaccordingtospecification.
♦datacollectedastestingisconductedprovideagoodindicationofsoftwarereliabilityandsomeindicationofsoftwarequalityasawhole.
♦testingcannotshowtheabsenceoferrors,itcanshowonlythatsoftwareerrorsarepresent.
(2)TestingPrinciples
♦Alltestsshouldbetraceabletocustomerrequirements.
Themostseveredefectsarethosethatcausetheprogramtofailtomeetitsrequirements.
♦Testsshouldbeplannedlongbeforetestingbegins.
-Testplanningcanbeginassoonastherequirementsmodeliscomplete.
-Detaileddefinitionoftestcasescanbeginassoonasthedesignmodelhasbeensolidified.
♦TheParetoprincipleappliestosoftwaretesting.
TheParetoprincipleimpliesthat80percentofallerrorsuncoveredduringtestingwilllikelybetraceableto20percentofallprogramcomponents.
-Theproblemistoisolatethesesuspectcomponentsandtothoroughlytestthem.
♦Testingshouldbegin“inthesmall”andprogresstowardtesting“inthelarge.”
-Thefirsttestsplannedandexecutedgenerallyfocusonindividualcomponents.
-Astestingprogresses,focusshiftsinanattempttofinderrorsinintegratedclustersofcomponentsandultimatelyintheentiresystem.
♦Exhaustivetestingisnotpossible.
-Itisimpossibletoexecuteeverycombinationofpathsduringtesting.
-Itispossibletoadequatelycoverprogramlogicandtoensurethatallconditionsinthecomponent-leveldesignhavebeenexercised.
♦Tobemosteffective,testingshouldbeconductedbyanindependentthirdparty.
Bymosteffective,meantestingthathasthehighestprobabilityoffindingerrors.
Thesoftwareengineerwhocreatedthesystemisnotthebestpersontoconductalltestsforthesoftware.
(3)Testability
♦Sincetestingissoprofoundlydifficult.Sometimesprogrammersarewillingtodothingsthatwillhelpthetestingprocessandachecklistofpossibledesignpoints,features,etc.,canbeuseful.
♦Therearecertainlymetricsthatcouldbeusedtomeasuretestability.
Observability."
Whatyouseeiswhatyoutest."
-Distinctoutputisgeneratedforeachinput.
-Systemstatesandvariablesarevisibleorqueriableduringexecution.
-Pastsystemstatesandvariablesarevisibleorqueriable(e.g.,transactionlogs).
-Allfactorsaffectingtheoutputarevisible.
-Incorrectoutputiseasilyidentified.
-Internalerrorsareautomaticallydetectedthroughself-testingmechanisms.
-Internalerrorsareautomaticallyreported.
Controllability."
Thebetterwecancontrolthesoftware,themorethetestingcanbeautomatedandoptimized."
-Allpossibleoutputscanbegeneratedthroughsomecombinationofinput.
-Allcodeisexecutablethroughsomecombinationofinput.
-Softwareandhardwarestatesandvariablescanbecontrolleddirectlybythetestengineer.
-Testscanbeconvenientlyspecifiedandautomated.
Decomposability."
Bycontrollingthescopeoftesting,wecanmorequicklyisol
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