袁铭蔚 中期读书报告Word下载.docx
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袁铭蔚 中期读书报告Word下载.docx
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袁铭蔚中期读书报告@#@TheReadingReportofPublicOrganizationTheory@#@Ifpublicorganizationarebydefinitioncommittedtothepursuitofpubliclydefinedsocietalvalues,theirmemberscarryaspecialburdenthatothersdonot---thattheyshouldalwaysactinkeepingwithdemocraticnorms.Whethertheyassisitinthedevelopmentofpublicpurposesorfacilitatetheirachievement,membersmustalwaysbeattentivetothosevaluesthatgivepublicorganizationstheirdistinctivecharacter.Publicadministrators,inthisview,musthelptoensurethatthecentralpoliticalcommitmentsofthesocietyareextended,andtheymustdothisinpartbytheexampleoftheirownwork.Forthesereasons,thestudyofpublicadministrationmustembracenotonlysocialtheorybutalsopoliticaltheory,anunderstandingofthewaysinwhichpublicorganizationscontributetothegrowthofademocraticsociety.@#@Curiouslyenough,althoughsuchapoliticaltheoryofpublicorganizationswouldseemtobethesinglemostimportanttopicforstudentsofpublicorganizationstoconsider,concernsotherthanthosewenormallyassociatewithdemocraticpoliticaltheoryhavehistoricallybeengivenprecedence.Issuesoffreedomandjustice,equalityandparticipationhaveoftentakenabackseattoissuesofefficiency,technique,andcontrol.Evenso,apoliticaltheoryofpublicorganizationshasbeenconstructed,perhapsasmuchbydefaultasbydesign.@#@ThiswasthesignificantmessageinDwightWaldo’sperceptiveworkTheAdministrativeState.Inthisbook,Waldoproposedtotracethedevelopmentofthefieldofpublicadministrationfromtheperspectiveofpoliticaltheoryandthehistoryofideas.Helaterreflectedfurther:
@#@@#@LookingcloselyattheliteratureofpublicadministrationthroughthelensofPoliticalTheory,itseemedtomeplainlytruethat,paradoxically,ithadamatrixofpoliticaltheory:
@#@paradoxicallybecausethoseproducingtheliteraturefrequently,characteristically,presumedorstatedthattheyweregettingawayfrommerepleasantcloudgazingandwereaddressingthemselvesdirectlytotheworldoffactsandthehard,importantbusinessofhowmoderngovernmentdoesandshouldperformitsfunctions.@#@AsviewedbyWaldo,theearlywriterscommentedonsuchhighlytheoreticalquestionsasthegoodlife,criteriaforpublicaction,andwhoshouldrule.Theywereconfrontedwithquestionsthathadimportanttheoreticalimplications,andtheiranswersconstitutedaformofpoliticaltheory---apoliticaltheoryisperhapsthemostimportantofourage,foritspecifiesthecommimentswearewillingtomakeintheconductofpublicaffairsinanorganizationalsociety.@#@Theearlywritingsonpublicadministrationnotonlyconstitutedapoliticaltheoryofpublicorganizationsbutalsosetatoneforlaterworkinthefieldofpublicadministration.Byvirtueofwhatwasincludedorexcludedbytheearlywriters,publicadministrationanditsrelationshiptothelargerpoliticalsystemweredefined.Forthisreason,anexaminationoftheworksoftheearlywritersandtheirinfluenceonadministrativetheoryandpracticewillprovideuswithabettersenseofthecentralmetaphorsthatcontinuetoguideourunderstandingofpublicorganizations.@#@Evenbeforetheformalstudyofpublicadministrationemerged,aroundthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,manytheoristsandpractitionershadcommentedontheroleofthetwentiethcentury,manytheoristsandpractitionershadcommentedontheroleofadministrativeagenciesinperformingtheworkofthestate.Mostnoteworthyintheearlydaysofthecountry’shistoryweretheviewpointsexpressedbyAlexanderHamiltonandThomasJefferson.Hamilton’sadministrativetheory,asamemberoftheexecutivebranch,arguedonbehalfofastrongnationalgovernmentwithconsiderablepowerresidingintheexecutive.LeonardWhitedescribesthispositionasgrowingdirectlyfromcertainelitisttendenciesamongtheFederalistsgenerally:
@#@“TheFederalistpreferencefortheexecutivebranchwasafaithfulreflectionoftheirdistrustofthepeople.Anintelligentperceptionofsoundpublicpolicy,intheirview,couldcomeonlyfromwell-educatedmenofaffairs,menwithtrainedmindsandbroadexperience---inshortfromtheupperclasses.”@#@ButHamiltonalsopreferredexecutiveprerogativeonthegroundsofadministrativeprinciple.Inthisview,action,tobeeffective,musthavecleardirection,andsuchdirectioncancomefromonlyonesource,aunifiedexecutive.Whereasdissentanddiscussionareimportantinlegislativedeliberations,theexecutivebranchcannotfunctioneffectivelywithoutunityofcommand---onefinalarbitratorwhosedecisionswillbeacceptedbyall.Moreover,asingleexecutivecanbeheldresponsibleforhisorheractions;@#@asinglecenterofpowermeansasinglecenterofresponsibility.Thispreferenceforastrongnationalexecutivedidno
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