翻译英语一真题Word格式文档下载.docx
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翻译英语一真题Word格式文档下载.docx
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翻译英语一真题@#@第一部分考研翻译真题(1990年——2014年)@#@1990年英译汉试题@#@Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalities,andbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.@#@Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(61)Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas‖naturevs.nurture‖.@#@(62)Thosewhosupportthe―nature‖sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.@#@Thosewhosupportthe―nurture‖theory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Thebehavioristsmaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.@#@Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,offeredbythetwotheories.Supportersofthe―nature‖theoryinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosay,theydon’tbelievethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallyapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofourexperiences.(64)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.@#@Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.IntheUnitedStates,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome―nature‖proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallyinferiortowhites.(65)Behaviorists,incontrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.@#@Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.@#@1991年英译汉试题@#@Thefactisthattheenergycrisis,whichhassuddenlybeenofficiallyannounced,hasbeenwithusforalongtimenow,andwillbewithusforanevenlongertime.WhetherAraboilflowsfreelyornot,itiscleartoeveryonethatworldindustrycannotbeallowedtodependonsofragileabase.(71)Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinanycase,theoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.@#@(72)Newsourcesofenergymustbefound,andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthetimespast.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereon,mankindisgoingtoadvancecautiously,andconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall.@#@Tomakethesituationworse,thereisasyetnosignthatanyslowingoftheworld’spopulationisinsight.Althoughthebirthratehasdroppedinsomenations,includingtheUnitedStates,thepopulationoftheworldseemssuretopasssixbillionandperhapsevensevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcenturyopens.@#@(73)Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.@#@Takingallthisintoaccount,whatmightwereasonablyestimatesupermarketstobelikeintheyear2001?
@#@@#@Tobeginwith,theworldfoodsupplyisgoingtobecomesteadilytighteroverthenextthirtyyears—evenhereintheUnitedStates.By2001,thepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillbeatleasttwohundredfiftymillionandpossiblytwohundredseventymillion,andthenationwillfinditdifficulttoexpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmouths.(74)ThiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehighenergyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.@#@Itseemsalmostcertainthatby2001theUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfoodexportingnationandthat,ifnecessityforcesexports,itwillbeatthepriceofbelttighteningathome.@#@Infact,asfooditemswillendtode
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