美国文学选读复习资料文档格式.docx
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美国文学选读复习资料文档格式.docx
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He
greatly
influenced
devotees
“Art
for
art’s
sake.”
father
psychoanalytic
criticism
(心理分析批评),
detective
story.
诗歌的精髓就是追求美
小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡,其中还运用了象征手法。
Poetic
Principle
:
1.
poem,
should
be
short,
readable
at
one
sitting;
2.
Beauty
(the
rhythmical
creation
beauty);
3.
Melancholy
忧伤(especially
death
beautiful
woman).
代表作:
Fall
House
Usher
《厄舍大厦的倒塌》
Ligeia
《莉盖亚》
Annabel
Lee
《安娜贝尔·
李》
Raven
《乌鸦》
The
Cask
Amontillado
《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》---gothic
novel
人物:
蒙特利瑟Montresor,
弗图纳多Fortunato
,筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。
三.爱默生
Emerson=
ThechiefspokesmanofNewEngland
Transcendentalism
超验主义
Hewasadescendent(后裔)ofalonglineofNewEngland
clergymen牧师【pastor】.
散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。
AmericanTranscendentalism
Asaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,AmericanTranscendentalism(alsoknownas“
AmericanRenaissance”)flourshedinNewEngland
fromthe1830stotheCivilWar.ItisthehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesin
EmersonandThoreau.
TranscendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.
超验主义(+H.D.Thoreau;
NathanielHawthorne;
)
ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:
1TheTranscendentalistsplaced
emphasisonspirit,
orthe
Oversoul,
asthemostimportantthinginthe
universe.思想超灵宇宙
2TheTranscendentalistsstressedthe
importanceoftheindividual.
Tothem,the
individualisthemostimportantelementofSociety.个体+社会
③TheTranscendentalistsofferedafresh
perceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.自然+上帝
Nature《论自然》---the
Bible
by
Emerson
;
Self-Reliance
《论自助》
---是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一一
The
American
Scholar《论美国学者》
Over-soul
《论超灵》
四、Nathaniel
Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·
霍桑
---
effected
超验主义
born
into
prominent
Puritan
family.
One
most
ambivalent(矛盾的)writers
history.
主要成就:
美国心理分析小说的开创者
浪漫主义小说家
心理小说家
Mosses
from
an
Old
Manse
《古宅青苔》;
Twice-Told
Tales
《故事重述》;
Marble
Faun
《玉石雕像》;
Seven
Gables
《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
Scarlet
Letter《红字》
Many
his
earlier
stories
had
treated
themes
led
to
Letter.
Theme:
severity
toward
sex
matrimony
its
tendency
suppress
bright
color
true
feelings.
:
Hester
Prynne---strong-willed,
impetuous,
king
compassionate,
maternal
figure;
Pearl---innocent,
perceptive;
Roger
Chillingworth---a
man
deficient
human
warmth,
evil
story;
Arthur
Dimmesdale---intelligent
emotional.
[Symbolism
works
Hawthorne
is
master
symbolism,
which
he
took
tradition
清教徒传统and
bequeathed
literature
revivified
form.
In
masterpiece,
using
Pearl
thematic
symbol,
emphasizes
consequence
sin
adultery
has
brought
community
people
living
community.
With
scarlet
A
biggest
symbol
all,
ambiguous,
proves
himself
best
]
symbolists.
五、Herman
Melville
赫尔曼·
梅尔维尔
early
sailing
experiences
were
rewarding.
White
Jacket
《白外衣》
Billy
Budd《毕利·
伯德》,
Typee《泰比》,
Omoo《欧穆》,
Mardi《玛地》.
Moby
Dick
1851
《白鲸》---百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗(
《熊》
福克纳、《老人与海》
海明威、《白鲸》梅尔维尔)
[Moby
represents
sum
total
Melville’s
bleak
view
world
lived.
It
once
Godless
purposeless.
Man
this
universe
lives
meaningless
futile
life,
because
futile.
Once
attempts
seek
power
over
it
doomed.
idea
can
make
nothing
but
Transcendentalist
folly.
Moby
thus
reveals
basic
pattern
19th
century
life:
loneliness
suicidal
self-styled
democracy.
(a
negative
reflection
upon
Transcendentalism)
Symbolism
Dick:
---It
regarded
first
prose
epic.
not
merely
whaling
tale
or
sea
adventure,
considering
great
symbolist.
turns
out
symbolic
voyage
mind
quest
truth
寻找真理and
knowledge
universe,
spiritual
exploration
deep
reality
psychology.
---Different
on
board
ship
are
representations
different
ideas
social
ethnic
groups;
facts
become
symbols
incidents
acquire
universal
meanings;
Pequod
microcosm
society
becomes
search
truth.
white
whale,
Dick,
symbolizes
nature
Melville,
complex,
unfathomable难以理解的,malignant恶性的,
well.]
六.H.D.Thoreau
梭罗andhiswork
Walden
瓦尔登湖notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelopsandtestsThoreau’sowntranscendentalphilosophy.
七.HenryWadsworthLongfellow
朗费罗
FeaturesofLongfellow’spoeticworks
1)lChiefromantictendenciesashumanitarianattitude,loveofnatureandloveofbeauty.
2)lThefirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.
3)lConventionalstyleandsubjects
4)lGenerallysimpleideasexpressedmusicallyandpowerfully.
5)lSimplicityanddetachmentfromthedeepproblemsofcontemporarylife
19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。
传统派,励志型。
诗集:
《夜吟》VoicesoftheNight
《歌谣及其他》BalladsandOtherPoems
《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline
《海依华沙之歌》TheSongofHiawatha
诗歌:
《我射出一支箭·
·
》IShotanArrow...
APsalmofLife《生命颂/人生颂》---第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌
八、Walt
Whitman
沃尔特·
惠特曼
美国著名诗人、人文主义者,他创造了诗歌的自由体(Free
Verse---without
fixed
beat
regular
rhyme
scheme.),The
edition
Leaves
Grass
《草叶集》
published
1855.
giant
work,
openness,
freedom,
above
all
concerned
him.
Writing
features
---A
singer
ideals
equality,
democracy
dignity.
---Songs
himself,
labour
common
people,
creation,
independence
country,
love
friendship,
memorizing
President
Lincoln.
---Free
verse,
unit,
phonetic
recurrence.
《我歌唱自我》One'
s
Self
I
Sing
《噢,船长!
我的船长!
》O
Captain!
My
九、Emily
Dickinson(19世纪唯一出名的女作家)---I
Died
Beauty,
could
stop
Death.
美国女诗人,狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡,对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌,她的诗歌预示了20世纪诗歌的诞生。
宅女,想象力,诗歌(死亡、爱情、失败、无标点
)
Whitman:
Dickinson:
inner
life
individual
Most
her
poems
about
immortality.
Nature
both
benevolent
cruel.
Emily
energetic
outgoing
woman
while
attending
Academy
Seminary.
nature.
They
short;
many
them
based
single
image
symbol.
《要描绘一片草原·
》
To
Make
Prairie
《最美妙的胜利感觉》
Success
Is
Counted
Sweetest
《我是无名之辈》
I'
m
Nobody!
Age
Realism
[The
war
question
assumptions
transcendentalists
----
goodness,
optimistic
man,
God.
taught
men
good,
God
not.
As
movement,
came
existence
after
Romanticism
with
Civil
War
reaction
against
“the
lie”
sentimentalism,
paved
way
Modernism.
This
interest
so-called
“reality”
started
new
period
writing
known
Realism.
three
dominant
figures
period:
William
Dean
Howells,
Mark
Twain,
Henry
James
wrote
mostly
upper
reaches
society.
Howells
chiefly
middle
class
life.
Twain
dealt
largely
lower
strata
seemed
have
paid
more
attention
“life”
Americans,
apparently
laid
greater
emphasis
“inner
world”
man.
十、Mark
马克·
吐温
Writing:
humor
loc
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