英语演讲选修课教案informativespeechI教学内容Word文件下载.docx
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英语演讲选修课教案informativespeechI教学内容Word文件下载.docx
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II.Testimony
*TipsforUsingtestimony
III.Statistics
Tipsforusingstatistics
Iv.#Samplespeechwithcommentary
Teachinggoals
Getstudentstoknowhowtouseexamples,testimonyandstatisticseffectivelytobackupthespeech.
Assignment
Whatarethefourtipsforusingexamplesinyourspeech?
Explainthedifferencebetweenexperttestimonyandpeertestimony.
Supportingyourideas
HeatherKolpindecidedtogiveherfirstclassroomspeechonthebenefitsofgoodnutrition.Adedicatedfitnessenthusiast,shehadrecentlyswitchedtoahigh-proteindiet.Partofherspeechranlikethis:
“Foryearswe’vebeentoldthatmeat,eggs,andcheesearebadforusandthatweshouldeatmorecarbohydrateslikecereal,grains,pasta,andrice.Buttoomanycarbohydratescanunbalancethebodyandmakeyoutiredandoverweight.Doyouwantmoreenergy?
Doyouwanttoconcentratebetterandgethighergrades?
Doyouwanttoenjoyrealmealsandstilllosethoseunsightlypounds?
Ifso,youshouldeatmoreprotein.I’vebeenonahigh-proteindietforsixmonths,andI’veneverfeltbetterordonebetterinmyclasses!
”
Afterthespeech,Heather’sclassmateswereinterestedbutskeptical.Asoneremarked,“Iknowhigh-proteindietsarepopularrightnow,butHeatherisnoexpertonnutrition.Besides,therearelotsofdietsaround,andtheyallclaimtoworkwonders.Personally,I’dbemoreconvincedifHeathergavesomescientificevidencetobackupheropinion.”
Goodspeechesarenotcomposedofhotairandgeneralizations.Theyneedstrongsupportingmaterialstobolsterthespeaker’spointofview.InHeather’scase,althoughthereisplentyofevidenceontheneedtobalanceproteinandcarbohydrateconsumption,manynutritionistshavewarnedaboutthedangersofoverloadingonprotein.SoHeather’slistenerswererighttobeskeptical.Heathermadeamistakeofgeneralizingfromherownexperiencewithnothingconcretetosupportherideas.
Theproblemwithgeneralizationsisthattheydonotanswerthethreequestionslistenersalwaysmentallyaskofaspeaker:
“Whatdoyoumean?
”,“WhyshouldIbelieveyou?
”“Sowhat?
Theskillfuluseofsupportingmaterialsoftenmakesthedifferencebetweenapoorspeechandagoodone.Usingsupportingmaterialsisnotamatteroftossingfactsandfiguresintoyourspeech.Youmustdecidewhichideasneedtobesupportedgivenyouraudience,topic,andspecificpurposes.Youmustdoresearchtofindmaterialsthatwillbringyourideasacrossclearlyandcreatively.Andyoumustevaluateyoursupportingmaterialstomakesuretheyreallydobackupyourideas.
Asyouputyourspeechestogether,youwillneedtomakesureyoursupportingmaterialsareaccurate,relevant,andreliable.Youwillfindyourselfaskingsuchquestionsas,“Aremyexamplesrepresentative?
”,“AmIquotingreputable,qualifiedsources?
Therearethreekindsofsupportingmaterialsweusemostoften,theyare:
examples,testimonyandstatistics
I.Examples
Examples:
aspecificcaseusedtoillustrateortorepresentagroupofpeople,ideas,conditions,experiencesorthelike.
Inthecourseofaspeechyoumayusebriefexamples—specificinstancesreferredtoinpassing—andsometimesyoumaywanttogiveseveralbriefexamplesinarowtocreateastrongerimpression.Extendedexamples—oftencalledillustrations,narratives,oranecdotes—arelongerandmoredetailed.
Examplesareusefulwhenyouwishtomakeanabstractconceptorideaconcrete.Forexample,itisdifficultfortheaudiencetoseeexactlywhatyoumeanbysuchabstractconceptsaspersecution,denialoffreedom,friendship,andloveunlessyouprovidespecificexamplesofwhatyoumean.
Hereisoneexampleastudentusedinaspeechaboutleadpoison.
‘WhenDeniseWaddleandherfamilymovedtoanice,middle-classsectionofJerseyCity,NewJersey,theyhaddreamsofhealthyliving,blockparties,evenabigbackyardsotheirkidcouldmakemudpies.Inlessthanoneyearintheirnewhome,theirtwo-year-oldsonhadbeenpoisoned,andtheirnewbornshowedhighlevelsofpoisoninginhisbloodstream.Unknowingly,theWaddle’shadbeenpoisonedbytheirownbackyard,forhighlevelsofleadcontaminatedtheirwaterandtheirlives.”
Examplesmayberealandfactualononehandorhypotheticalandimaginedontheother.Thehypotheticalandimaginedonesarecalledhypotheticalexamples.
Hypotheticalexample:
anexamplethatdescribesanimageryorfictitioussituation
Hereisonestudentusedahypotheticalexampletoillustratetheneedforcollegestudentstoprotectthemselvesagainstcrime:
You’retired;
you’rehungry.You’vejustspentalongdayatCollegeLibraryandyoucannotwaittogetbacktoyourroom.Glancingoutside,yourememberhowquicklyitbecomesdark.Youdon’tthinkmuchofit,though,asyoubundleupandheadoutintothegustywind.Notuntilyouspytheshadowsonthesidewalkorheartheleavesrustlingbesideyoudoyouwishyouweren’talone.Youwalkquickly,tryingtostopyourimaginationfromthinkingofmurderersandrapists.Onlywhenyouaresafelyinsideyourroomdoyourelaxandtrytostopyourheartfrompoundingoutofyourchest.
Canyourememberatimewhenyoufeltthisway?
Iwouldbesurprisedifyouneverhave.TheFBIreportedlastyearthattherewerethreemurders,approximately430aggravatedassaults,1400burglaries,and80rapeshereinMadisonalone.Andwhilethesestatisticsarequitealarming,theydon’tcomparetothenumbersoflargermetropolitanareas.
Thishypotheticalexampleisparticularlyeffective.Thespeakercreatesarealisticscenario,relatesitdirectlytoherlisteners,andgetstheminvolvedinthespeech.Inaddition,sheusesfiguresfromtheFBItoshowthatthescenariocouldreallyhappentoanyofherclassmates.Wheneveryouuseahypotheticalexample,itisagoodideatofollowitwithstatisticsortestimonytoshowthattheexampleisnotfar-fetched.
Tipsforusingexamples
1.Useexamplestoclarifyyourideas
Examplesareanexcellentwaytoclarifyunfamiliarorcomplexideas.Thisiswhysomanyteachersuseexamplesintheclassroom.Examplesputabstractideasintoconcretetermsthatlistenerscaneasilyunderstand.
Thisprincipleworksexceptionallywellinspeeches.Supposeyouaretalkingaboutsuspensionbridges,youcouldgiveatechnicaldescription
Thesuspensionbridgehasaroadwaysuspendedbyverticalcablesattachedtotwoormoremaincables.Themaincablesarehungontwotowersandhavetheirendsanchoredinconcreteorbedrock.
Ifyourlistenersweremadeupofpeoplefamiliarwithstructuralsystems,theymightbeabletovisualizewhatasuspensionbridgelookslike.Butforlistenerslackingthisbackground,youmightwanttoaddasimpleexample:
Twowell-knownsuspensionbridgesaretheGoldenBridgeinSanFranciscoandtheBrooklynBridgeinNewYork.
BecausealmosteveryonehasatleastseenapictureoftheGoldenBridgeinSanFranciscoandtheBrooklynBridgeinNewYork,usingthemasexamplesclarifiesyourmeaningquicklyandeffectively.
2.Useexamplestoreinforceyourideas
Inaspeechentitled“Boxing:
Themostdangeroussport”,thespeakerarguedthatprofessionalboxingshouldbebanned.Toreinforcehispoint,hecitedtheexampleofMuhammadAli,whosuffersaseverecaseofParkinson’sdiseasebroughtonbyhisyearsinthering.Theexampleisveryeffective.Itputthemedicalfactsaboutboxingandbraindamageinvivid,humantermsthateveryonecouldunderstand.
Whenyouuseexamples,makesureitisrepresentative.TheexampleofMuhammadAliisquiterepresentative.
3.Useexamplestopersonalizeyourideas
Peopleareinterestedinpeople.ASsocialpsychologistEliotAronsonsaid,“Mostpeoplearemoredeeplyinfluencedbyoneclear,vivid,personalexamplethanbyanabundanceofstatisticaldata.”Wheneveryoutalk,youcanincludeexamplesthatwilladdhumaninteresttoyourspeech.SEEWHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGWOULDYOUBEMORELIKELYTORESPONDTO?
Therearemanyhungryfamiliesinourcommunitywhocouldbenefitfromfooddonations.
Or:
LetmetellyouaboutArturo.Arturoisfouryearsold.Hehasbigbrowneyesandamopofblackhairandanemptybelly.Inallhisfouryearsonthisearth,Arturohasneveronceenjoyedthreesquaremealsinasingleday.
Youcanalsousepersonalexamples:
personalexamplesareanexcellentwaytoclarifyideasandtobuildaudienceinterest.Tobemosteffective,theyshouldbedeliveredsincerelyandwithstrongeyecontact.
Testimony---quotationsorparaphrasesusedtosupportapoint..
Peopletendtorespecttheopinionsofpeoplewhohavespecialknowledgeorexperienceonthetopic.Byquotingorparaphrasingsuchpeople,youcangiveyourideasgreaterstrengthandimpact.Thetwomajorkindsoftestimonyareexperttestimonyandpeertestimony.
Experttestimony:
Testimonyfrompeoplewhoarerecognizedexpertsintheirfields.Itisagoodwaytolendcredibilitytoyourspeechesbycitingtheviewpointsofpeoplewhoareexperts.Itshowsthatyouarenotjustmouthingyourownopinions,butyourpositionissupportedbypeoplewhoareknowledgeableaboutthetopic.
Experttestimonyismoreimportantwhenatopiciscontroversialorwhentheaudienceisskepticalaboutaspeakers’pointofview.
AsEinsteinhasputit;
asLiSiguangsaid…
PeerTestimony
---Testimonyfromordinarypeoplewithfirsthandexperienceorinsightonatopic.
Testimonynotfromfamouspeople,butfromordinarycitizenswhohavefirsthandexperienceonthetopic.Thiskindoftestimonyisespecially
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