wiki California Gold Rush文档格式.docx
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wiki California Gold Rush文档格式.docx
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GoldRush(1848)
USCivilWar(1861-1865)
Since1900
Topics
Maritime
·
Railroad
Highways
Slavery
Cities
LosAngeles
Sacramento
SanDiego
SanJose
Visalia
CaliforniaPortal
v
•
d
e
TheCaliforniaGoldRush(1848–1855)beganonJanuary24,1848,whengoldwasdiscoveredbyJamesW.MarshallatSutter'
sMill,inColoma,California.[1]Newsofthediscoverybroughtsome300,000peoplerushingtoCaliforniafromtherestoftheUnitedStatesandabroad.[2]Ofthe300,000,approximately150,000arrivedbyseawhiletheotherhalfofthemwalked1500milesoverland.
Theearlygold-seekers,called"
Forty-niners"
(asareferenceto1849)traveledtoCaliforniabysailingboatandincoveredwagonsacrossthecontinent,oftenfacingsubstantialhardshipsonthetrip.WhilemostofthenewlyarrivedwereAmericans,theGoldRushattractedtensofthousandsfromLatinAmerica,Europe,Australia,andChina.Atfirst,theprospectorsretrievedthegoldfromstreamsandriverbedsusingsimpletechniques,suchaspanning.Moresophisticatedmethodsofgoldrecoverydevelopedwhichwerelateradoptedaroundtheworld.Atitspeak,technologicaladvancesreachedapointwheresignificantfinancingwasrequired,increasingtheproportionofcorporatetoindividualminers.Goldworthbillionsoftoday'
sdollarswasrecovered,whichledtogreatwealthforafew.However,manyreturnedhomewithlittlemorethantheyhadstartedwith.
TheeffectsoftheGoldRushweresubstantial.SanFranciscogrewfromasmallsettlementtoaboomtown,androads,churches,schoolsandothertownswerebuiltthroughoutCalifornia.AfteraperiodofrulebytheU.S.Army,settlerswroteaconstitutionandCaliforniabecameastatein1850aspartoftheCompromiseof1850.
Newmethodsoftransportationdevelopedassteamshipscameintoregularserviceandrailroadswerebuilt.Agricultureandranchingexpandedthroughoutthestatetomeettheneedsofthesettlers.TheGoldRushalsohadnegativeeffects:
NativeAmericanswereattackedandpushedofftraditionallandsandgoldminingcausedenvironmentalharm.AtthebeginningoftheGoldRush,therewasverylittlelawregardingpropertyrightsastheUnitedStateshadjusttakenoverCalifornia.Asolutiontothepropertyrightsproblemwasafirst-come-first-servebasiswiththerightto"
claimjump"
onabandonedsites.
Contents
[hide]
∙1History
∙2Forty-niners
∙3Legalrights
∙4Developmentofgoldrecoverytechniques
∙5Profits
o5.1Pathofthegold
∙6Effects
o6.1Developmentofgovernmentandcommerce
o6.2EffectsonNativeAmericans
o6.3Anti-foreignerlaws
o6.4World-wideeconomicstimulation
∙7Imageandmemory
∙8Geology
∙9Seealso
o9.1CaliforniaGoldRush
▪9.1.1Songs
o9.2California
o9.3U.S.goldrushes
o9.4EarlyU.S.mining
∙10Notes
∙11References
∙12Furtherreading
∙13Externallinks
[edit]History
CaliforniagoldfieldsintheSierraNevadaandnorthernCalifornia
TheGoldRushstartedatSutter'
sMill,nearColoma.[3]OnJanuary24,1848JamesW.Marshall,aforemanworkingforSacramentopioneerJohnSutter,foundpiecesofshinymetalinthetailraceofalumbermillMarshallwasbuildingforSutter,alongtheAmericanRiver.[4]MarshallquietlybroughtwhathefoundtoSutter,andthetwoofthemprivatelytestedthefindings.ThetestsshowedMarshall'
sparticlestobegold.Sutterwasdismayedbythis,andwantedtokeepthenewsquietbecausehefearedwhatwouldhappentohisplansforanagriculturalempireiftherewereamasssearchforgold.[5]However,rumorssoonstartedtospreadandwereconfirmedinMarch1848bySanFrancisconewspaperpublisherandmerchantSamuelBrannan.ThemostfamousquoteoftheCaliforniaGoldRushwasbyBrannan;
afterhehadhurriedlysetupastoretosellgoldprospectingsupplies,[6]BrannanstrodethroughthestreetsofSanFrancisco,holdingaloftavialofgold,shouting"
Gold!
Gold!
GoldfromtheAmericanRiver!
"
[7]Withthenewsofgold,manyfamiliestryingtheirluckatagricultureinCaliforniadecidedtogoforthegold,becomingsomeofCalifornia’sfirstminers.
Atthetimegoldwasdiscovered,CaliforniawaspartoftheMexicanterritoryofAltaCalifornia,whichwascededtotheU.S.aftertheendoftheMexican-AmericanWarwiththesigningoftheTreatyofGuadalupeHidalgoonFebruary2,1848.
OnAugust19,1848,theNewYorkHeraldwasthefirstmajornewspaperontheEastCoasttoreportthediscoveryofgold.OnDecember5,1848,PresidentJamesPolkconfirmedthediscoveryofgoldinanaddresstoCongress.[8]Soon,wavesofimmigrantsfromaroundtheworld,latercalledthe"
forty-niners,"
invadedtheGoldCountryofCaliforniaor"
MotherLode."
AsSutterhadfeared,hewasruined;
hisworkersleftinsearchofgold,andsquatterstookoverhislandandstolehiscropsandcattle.[9]
SanFranciscohadbeenatinysettlementbeforetherushbegan.Whenresidentslearnedaboutthediscovery,itatfirstbecameaghosttownofabandonedshipsandbusinesseswhoseownersjoinedtheGoldRush,[10]butthenboomedasmerchantsandnewpeoplearrived.ThepopulationofSanFranciscoexplodedfromperhaps1,000[11]in1848to25,000full-timeresidentsby1850.[12]Aswithmanyboomtowns,thesuddeninfluxofpeoplestrainedtheinfrastructureofSanFranciscoandothertownsnearthegoldfields.Peoplelivedintents,woodshanties,ordeckcabinsremovedfromabandonedships.[13]Wherevergoldwasdiscovered,hundredsofminerswouldcollaboratetoputupacampandstaketheirclaims.WithnameslikeRoughandReadyandHangtown,eachcampoftenhaditsownsaloonandgamblinghouse.[14]
RoutestoCaliforniain1849
Inwhathasbeenreferredtoasthe"
firstworld-classgoldrush,"
[15]therewasnoeasywaytogettoCalifornia;
forty-ninersfacedhardshipandoftendeathontheway.Atfirst,mostArgonauts,astheywerealsoknown,traveledbysea.FromtheEastCoast,asailingvoyagearoundthetipofSouthAmericawouldtakefivetoeightmonths,[16]andcoversome18,000
nauticalmiles(33,000
km).AnalternativewastosailtotheAtlanticsideoftheIsthmusofPanama,totakecanoesandmulesforaweekthroughthejungle,andthenonthePacificside,towaitforashipsailingforSanFrancisco.[17]TherewasalsoarouteacrossMexicostartingatVeracruz.Manygold-seekerstooktheoverlandrouteacrossthecontinentalUnitedStates,particularlyalongtheCaliforniaTrail.[18]Eachoftheserouteshaditsowndeadlyhazards,fromshipwrecktotyphoidfeverandcholera.[19]
Tomeetthedemandsofthearrivals,shipsbearinggoodsfromaroundtheworldcametoSanFranciscoaswell.Ships'
captainsfoundthattheircrewsdesertedtogotothegoldfields.ThewharvesanddocksofSanFranciscobecameaforestofmasts,ashundredsofshipswereabandoned.EnterprisingSanFranciscansturnedtheabandonedshipsintowarehouses,stores,taverns,hotels,andoneintoajail.[20]Manyoftheseshipswerelaterdestroyedandusedforlandfilltocreatemorebuildablelandintheboomtown.
MerchantshipsfillSanFranciscoharborin1850or1851
Withinafewyears,therewasanimportantbutlesser-knownsurgeofprospectorsintofarNorthernCalifornia,specificallyintopresent-daySiskiyou,ShastaandTrinityCounties.[21]Discoveryofgoldnuggetsatthesiteofpresent-dayYrekain1851broughtthousandsofgold-seekersuptheSiskiyouTrail[22]andthroughoutCalifornia'
snortherncounties.[23]SettlementsoftheGoldRushera,suchasPortugueseFlatontheSacramentoRiver,sprangintoexistenceandthenfaded.TheGoldRushtownofWeavervilleontheTrinityRivertodayretainstheoldestcontinuouslyusedTaoisttempleinCalifornia,alegacyofChineseminerswhocame.WhiletherearenotmanyGoldRusheraghosttownsstillinexistence,thewell-preservedremainsoftheonce-bustlingtownofShastaisaCaliforniaStateHistoricParkinNorthernCalifornia.[24]
GoldwasalsodiscoveredinSouthernCaliforniabutonamuchsmallerscale.Thefirstdiscoveryofgold,atRanchoSanFranciscointhemountainsnorthofpresent-dayLosAngeles,hadbeenin1842,sixyearsbeforeMarshall'
sdiscovery,whileCaliforniawasstillpartofMexico.[25]However,thesefirstdeposits,andlaterdiscoveriesinSouthernCaliforniamountains,attractedlittlenoticeandwereoflimitedconsequenceeconomically.[25]
AttackbyNativeAmericansonminers'
settlement
By1850,mostoftheeasilyaccessiblegoldhadbeencollected,andattentionturnedtoextractinggoldfrommoredifficultlocations.Facedwithgoldincreasinglydifficulttoretrieve,Americansbegantodriveoutforeignerstogetatthemostaccessiblegoldthatremained.ThenewCaliforniaStateLegislaturepassedaforeignminerstaxoftwentydollarspermonth,andAmericanprospectorsbeganorganizedattacksonforeignminers,particularlyLatinAmericansandChinese.[26]Inaddition,thehugenumbersofnewcomersweredrivingNativeAmericansoutoftheirtraditionalhunting,fishingandfood-gatheringareas.Toprotecttheirhomesandlivelihood,someNativeAmericansrespondedbyattackingtheminers.Thisprovokedcounter-attacksonnativevillages.TheNativeAmericans,out-gunned,wereoftenslaughtered.[27]Thosewhoescapedmassacresweremanytimesunabletosurvivewithoutaccesstotheirfood-gatheringareas,andtheystarvedtodeath.NovelistandpoetJoaquinMillervividlycapturedonesuchattackinhissemi-autobiographicalwork,LifeAmongsttheModocs.[28]
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