人工智能英文版案例Word文档下载推荐.docx
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人工智能英文版案例Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Butdebatesonthetechnology'
sfutureisneverending.Someworrythatifmachinesreplacehumans,unemploymentwillspikeand,likeafuturisticmovietwist,thatthesystemcouldevengrowbeyondhumancontrol.
WhatisAl?
Artificialintelligencejstousecomputerstoanalogandinsteadofhumanbrain・Theadventof
computershasmadeartificialintelligenceamajorbreakthrough.Thecomputercannotonlyreplacesomeofthehumanbrainfunction,butexceedthehumanbraingreatlyinspeedandaccuracy」tcannotonlysimulatepartofanalysisandthecomprehensivefunction,butisgettingtodisplayacertaincharacteristicsofconsciousness.Itreallybecameanextensionofthehumanbrain.
ViewsofAlfallintofourcategories:
Systemsthatthinklikehumans
Theexcitingnewefforttomakecomputersthinks・・.machinewithminds,inthefullandliteralsense(Haugeland1985)
Systemsthatthinkrationally
“Thestudyofmentalfacultiesthroughtheuseofcomputationalmodels”
(Charniaketal.1985)
Systemsthatactlikehumans
“Theartofcreatingmachinesthatperformfunctionsthatrequireintelligeneewhenperformedbypeople”(Kurzweil,1990)
Systemsthatactrationally
AfieldofstudythatseekstoexplainandemulateintelligentbehaviorintermsofcomputationalprocessesM(Schalkol,1990)
MainGoalofAl
•
Representandstoreknowledge
(表示并存储知识)
•Retrieveandreasonaboutknowledge
(知识检索和思考)
•Behaveintelligentlyincomplexenvironmerits
(在复杂环境屮表现卿能)
•Developinterestingandusefulapplications
(开发有趣和有用的应用程序)
•Interactwithpeople,agents,andtheenvironment
(与人,机构,坏境相交流)
Appliances
Labor
Science
Googk"
YXEioor
Searchengines
Turingtest(1936)
■Alanturing
■(1912-1954)
■Computerscanfoolpeople,peoplewhobelieveitisnotthemachine,thenitshouldbecalledintelligent.
HUMANPARTICIPANT
COMPUTERPARTICIPANT
JUDGE
McCarth
y麦卡锡
BirthofAl
1956,theAmericanscholarMcCarthywhoisconsideredthefatherofartificialintelligenceoforganizedaSociety,manyexpertsandscholarsgatheredtogetherforadiscussionofuptotwomonths.Invitingthemtoparticipateinthe"
SummerDartmouthArtificialIntelligenceResearchSociety."
Sincethen,thisfieldisnamed"
artificialintelligence"
McCarthMinsky
y麦卡锡明斯基
Shannon
香农
Simon-1975
Newell-1975
More^Samuel,Selfridge^Solomonff莫尔(Princeton)f塞缪尔(IBM),塞尔夫里奇.索罗莫夫(MIT)
Thefirst10yearsofachievement
Inmachinelearning,in1957Rosenblatt(罗森布拉特)successfullydevelopedPerceptron(感矢口机);
Intheoremproving,in1958WangHaointheIBM-704machinewitha3-5minuteprovedall220theorem
“PrincipiaMathematica"
intherelevantpropositionalcalculus;
ln1965,Robinsonmadeduetotheresolutionprinciple(归结原理);
Inpatternrecognition(模式识别),1959Selfridge(塞尔福里奇)launchedapatternrecognitionprogram;
1965Robertspreparedadistinguishedbuildingblockconstructionprocedures(可分辨积木构造程序);
Intermsofproblemsolving(问题求解):
1960Newell(纽厄尔jcompiledauniversalproblemsolver(GPS),cansolve11differenttypesofproblems;
Inexpertsystems(专家系统):
theresultsofthe1968Feigenbaum(费根鲍姆)developedDENDRALexpertsystemandputintouse;
Intheartificialintelligencelanguage(人工智能语言):
1960McCarthy(McCarthy)developedtheartificialintelligeneelanguage-LISPlanguage.
Difficulties(thelate1960s)
SecondaryTranslation・MachineTranslationthespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweakthevodkaisgoodbutthemeatisrotten
Combinatorialexplosionproblem(组合爆炸)
Thefactthataprogramcanfindasolutioninp「incipledoesnotmeansthattheprogramcontainsanyofthemechanismsneededtofinditinpractice・
Perceptronlimitations(感知机局限性)
Atwo-inputperceptroncannotbetrainedtorecognizewhenitstwoinputsaredifferent.
KnowledgeEngineering(1977)
■Feigenbaum(费根鲍姆)presentedKnowledgeEngineeringatthe5thIJCAI(lnternationalJointConferenceOnArtificialIntelligence,国际人工智能联合会议)
NeuralNetworks
■HopfieldNeuralNetworks
(Hopfield,霍普菲尔德,1982)
■Back-propagation■
algorithm(Rumelhart&
I
McClelland,鲁梅尔哈特,麦I克莱伦德1986)lfsther
mostcommonneural电
networkW
ComputationalIntelligencethriving(90s-now)
ArtificialNeuralNetwork人工神经网络
GeneticAlgorithm遗传算法
FuzzyReasoning模糊推理
AntColonyAlgorithm蚁群算法
ParticleSwarmOptimization粒子群优化
ArtificialImmuneSystem人工免疫系统
TheHistoryofAl
Present
ComputationalIntelligenc
1977
NeuralNetworksReborn
KnowledgeEngineerinDifficulties
1
6
王热)
Enthusiasm
BirtlZ1956
Alwaslaunched
197
^l^IJCAIwasheld
•国际人工智能联合会议
Thegreatachievementsofartificialintelligence
May1997,theU.S.
IBM'
s“Deep
Blue”supercomputerbeattheworldchesschampion
GarryKasparov(卡斯帕罗夫).
Artificialintelligeneecanbescriptedasanewscieneeandtechnology,whichisusedtosimulatehumanintelligence.Wecan'
tdenythefactthatartificialintelligenceisofgreatimportantnowadays.
Willrobotseverbeabletoreplacepeople?
Altificialintelligence(人工智能)Turingtest(图灵测试)patternrecognition(模式识另ij)expertsystems(专家系统)NeuralNetwork(神经网络)
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