Character Analysis of While the Auto Waits In terms of Grammatical Metaphor13页word资料Word文件下载.docx
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Character Analysis of While the Auto Waits In terms of Grammatical Metaphor13页word资料Word文件下载.docx
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从语法隐喻角度分析《汽车等待的时候》中主人公性格
1AbriefintroductionofWhiletheAutowaits
O.Henryhasdeepinsightsintohumandestinyandhumannature.AmongthestoryofNewYorkers,thethemeofpretensestrikesthedominantchordsofthesestories――thepervasivedesiretoposeforwhatoneifnot,ifonlyforabriefspelloftimeandregardlessoftheacknowledgedriskinvolved.[1](P66)Inthestory“WhiletheAutoWaits”,whichisrecognizedasoneofhisbeststoryofthethemeoffalsepretense.Acomelyyoungwomanpretendstobeanobleladyandtriestoimpressayoungmanwhostopstochatwithherinapark.Themanmaskshisrealidentitybypretendingtobeahumblerestaurantcashier,whichtheendingshowstobethepositionsheholds.Meanwhileheisalsothewealthyownerofthechauffeuredsedan,whichshehaspointedtoasherown.Suchapersonisworthyofsympathy,O.Henryneverlooksdownuponthem.Althoughtheendingofthestoryisironical,heneverdespisesthem.Hence,thispaperputthestressonthecharactersoftheheroandtheheroinethroughthefollowingthreeaspectsinthenextchapter.
2ThesignificanceofEvaluation
Inthepreviouschapter,abriefintroductionaboutthewriterandthismanuscripthasbeenmade.Inthischapter,IwillmakeaconcisereviewoftheliteratureonAttitudinalSystem;
MaterialProcess;
grammaticalmetaphorabroadandinChina.Then,I’llconductashallowdiscussionoftheirapplicationtothetextrespectively,withtheaimtoanalyzetheformationofthecharacters.
Oneofthemainpurposesofcommunicatingistointeractwithotherpeople:
toestablishandmaintainappropriatesociallinkswiththem.Basedonthisfact,Hallidayproposedtheinterpersonalmeta-functionoflanguagetogetherwithanothertwo,namely,theideationalmeta-functionandtextualmeta-function.Andevaluationisaveryimportantpartintherealizationofinterpersonalmeaning.[2](P87)AccordingtoThompson,[3](P29)“evaluationisacentralpartofthemeaningofanytextandthatanyanalysisoftheinterpersonalmeaningsofatextmusttakeitintoaccount.”Therefore,wecanseethatthestudyonevaluationisofgreatsignificance.
3OverviewofGrammaticalMetaphor
DescendingfromAristotleandPlato,temporarytheoriesofmetaphorfallintoconstructivismandnon-constructivism(Ortony,1979)[4](P56).AndasisknowntousallthattheconceptofgrammaticalmetaphorwasinventedandfirstputforwardbyHalliday.Beingthefounderofsystemic-functionallinguistics,hepointsoutinthelastchapterofAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammarthatmetaphordoesnotonlyhappenatthelexicallevelbutalsoexistsatthegrammaticallevel,andhencehedevelopedanewterminologyofmetaphor:
GrammaticalMetaphor.ItwasinthesamebookthatHallidaymadearelativelyandsystemicallydescriptionofgrammaticalmetaphorforthefirsttime.Meanwhile,hemadeitclearthathepreferstousethetermofcongruenttocomparewithmetaphoricalratherthanthecommoncouple:
literalandmetaphorical.Contrastingwiththeviewpointofnon-constructivism,heclaimsthatmetaphorisonlyawayofexpressionwhichisclosertothereallifeandthatitisoneofthemeaningfulchoicesthelanguageusermakes.Seenfromthispointofview,allthelanguagethatadultsareusingmustbefullofmetaphorandutteranceordiscoursecompletelywithoutanymetaphorcanonlybefoundinchildren’slanguage.[5](P189)InthesecondeditionofAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar(Halliday,1994/2000)ASystemicFunctionalLinguisticApproachtoO’Henry’sshortStoriesgiveaprovisionaldefinitionofgrammaticalmetaphoras:
theexpressionofameaningthroughalexico-grammaticalformwhichoriginallyevolvedtoexpressadifferentkindofmeaning.Accordingtothat,thereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenlexicalmetaphorandgrammaticalmetaphor,anditisfurthersaidthatlexicalmetaphorcanbeseenasasub-categoryofgrammaticalmetaphor.[6](P148)Inthenextchapterofthispaper,thefeaturesofgrammaticalmetaphorinoneofO.Henry’sshortstorieswillbeanalyzedanddiscussed.
4AFunctionalLinguisticAnalysisOfWhiletheAutoWaits
BeforeintroducingHalliday’sGrammaticalMetaphor,Thompson(2000:
163)pointsoutthatmetaphorisoneofthemostcommonresourcesofproblemsthatarerunupagainstindecidinghowtocodecertainwordings.[7](P163)Weofcourseknowthatmetaphorisafamiliarconceptanditisgenerallyconsiderednotdifficulttorecognizewhenusedinthetraditionalform,forexample,“crippled”and“burden”areclearlybeingusedmetaphoricallyinthefollowingsentence:
(a)Thenorthiscrippledwiththeburdenoftheindustrialrevolution
Here,“crippled”issaidtohavealiteralmeaningof“lame”andametaphoricalmeaningof“inadifficultsituation”,anditisthesamewithanotherwordinthisexamplesentence“burden”,whichmetaphoricallyheremeans“effectofsomething”butliterallymeans“somethingheavy”.Thereforetheexampleabovemightbe“translated”asfollows:
(a1)Thenorthisinadifficultsituationbecauseoftheeffectsoftheindustrialrevolution
Thatisatypicaltraditionalanalysisofmetaphor,whichisseenasrelatingtothewayacertainwordisused,andtheterm“metaphorical”isusedastheoppositeofliteraltodescribethemeaningoftheword.Thismetaphorisrecognizedaslexicalmetaphoranditisobviousthatinthiscasethestatusofawordoranexpressionstaysthesamebutitsmeaningchanged.Butsystemicfunctionallinguiststellusthatmetaphorissomethinghappeningontheleveloflexico-grammarandthereforeitiscalledGrammaticalMetaphor,inwhichcase,whatischangedisnotthemeaningbutthegrammarstatusofthewordortheexpression.
5IdentificationofGrammaticalMetaphor
Asfortheidentificationofgrammaticalmetaphor,apairofconceptsisveryimportant:
oneisthecongruentformandtheotheristhemetaphoricalform.Thestandardfordecidinggrammaticalmetaphoristotestwhetherthesemanticmeaningofawordinghascongruencewithitsgrammarstatus.Thompson(2000:
164)explainsthatthetermcongruentcanbeinformallyglossedas“closertothestateofaffairsintheexternalworld”,forexample,nounscongruentlyencodething,andverbscongruentlyencodehappenings.[8](P164)Asfortherecognitionofcongruentforms,inHalliday’s(1994:
343)words,itissaidthatthoughmetaphoricvariationmighthavebeen-inherentinthenatureoflanguagefromtheverybeginning,weareabletorecognizethecongruentformsforwhattheyare,asthetypicalwayinwhichexperienceisconstrued,orinotherwords,thecongruentformsare“typicalwaysofsayingthings”.[9](P154)Consequently,wecanregardsomewordingsasmetaphoricalwhentheyarenotorganizedin“typicalwaysofsayingthings”.
ForHallidayclassifiesgrammaticalmetaphorintotwocategories:
ideationalmetaphorandinterpersonalmetaphor,itiseasytounderstandthatthiswayofclassificationhasagreatdealtodowithhis“meta-functions”:
ideationalfunction,interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunction.Asaresult,itisstillnotsurprisingtofindmetaphoroftransitivityinHalliday’sideationalmetaphor.Inthiscase,aprocessofonekindismetaphoricallyshiftedtoandexpressedbyanotherkindofprocess.Andwiththeexchangeofprocesses,theelementsofclause(suchasparticipant,process,circumstantialelementandsoon)willreplaceeachothermetaphorically.So,forexample,insteadofsaying“theyarrivedatthesummitonthefifthday”,wemaychooseawordingsuchas“thefifthdaysawthematthesummit”.Obviously,onthisoccasion,thetime(circumstance)“thefifthday”hasbeentakenasifitwereaparticipant,whowasanonlooker“seeing”theclimberswhentheyarrivedatthesummit.
(a)Theoriginalmaterialprocessarrivedhasbeenrepresentedasamentalprocesssaw;
(b)Theparticipanttheyhavebeenturnedintophenomenonthem;
(c)Thecircumstanceoftimethefifthday(thoughnotaconsciousbeing)hasbeentreatedasifitwereaparticipant.
Thecourseofmetaphoroftransitivityinthisexamplecanbeanalyzedasfollows:
[10]P73
Inthispart,IwillemploycertainmaterialsfromWhiletheAutoWaits,soastoexploretheircharacteristicsingrammaticalmetaphor.ThewholebodyofthiswritingcanbefoundintheAppendixattheendofthispaper.
Martin[11](1992:
120)tellusthatideationalmetaphorcomesaboutinthecourseofchoosingprocessesasfollows:
firstly,oneofthesixprocesses,thatisMaterialProcess,MentalProcess,RelationalProcess,VerbalProcess,BehavioralProcessandExistentialProcess,ischosen;
secondly,functionalelementsrelatedtothatchosenprocesswillbethenchosen;
thirdly,choicesofthewordclassthatcanrealizethosechosenfunctionswillbemade.Eachofthesechoicesiscertaintodrawdifferencesbetweenthecongruentformandincongruentform,andthevariousformsofrealizationofmeaningsarejustideationalgrammaticalmetaphorswearetalki
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