urban rail systems文档格式.docx
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urban rail systems文档格式.docx
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Infrastructureanddevelopment
DrElaBabalikSutcliffe
DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanning
MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity(ODTU)
06531AnkaraTURKEY
E-mail:
ebaba@arch.metu.edu.tr
Abstract
Thispaperpresentsaresearchthatwasaimedatdevelopingabetterunderstandingofthefactorsthatinfluencethesuccessofurbanrailsystems.Theprincipleaimwastodevelopamethodologyformeasuringandidentifyingthefactorsbehindtheirsuccess,andtodevelopaplanningframework,whichcanhelpenhancethesuccessofnewmetrosandlightrailsystems.Theframeworkcanhelpplannerstodevelopsuccessfulsystems,aswellasincreasethesuccessofexistingones.
TheplanningframeworkwasdevelopedbasedontheanalysisofeighturbanrailsystemsfromWesternCountries(USA,Canada,andBritain).Theanalysisofthesesystemshasbeencarriedoutintwostages.First,backgroundfactorswereobserved:
theurban,economic,politicalandinstitutionalfactorsinwhichthesesystemsweredevelopedwereanalysed.Inaddition,theplanningbackgroundandfactorsregardingtheoperationofthesystemswereobserved.Second,thesuccessofthesystemswasanalysed.Intheanalysis,possiblelinksbetweensuccessandbackgroundfactorswereestablished.Theselinkshavebeenusedasthebasisfordevelopingtheplanningframework,whichhadtwomainfunctions:
topredicthowsuccessfulanewurbanrailsystemwillbe;
andtomakerecommendationsonhowitssuccesscanbeenhanced.Becausetheplanningframeworkwasbasedontheanalysisofeightcasestudies,itwasimportanttovalidateitagainstotherurbanrailsystems.TheframeworkwasvalidatedagainstninesystemsfromUSA,Canada,andFrance.
Inadditiontothesummaryoftheaboveresearch,thispapercomparesthefindingsoftheresearchwiththreecasesinTurkey.ThecomparisonrevealsimportantresultsabouttheurbanrailplanningprocessinTurkeyincomparisontotheUSA,CanadaandBritain.Itisalsoseenthatplanningandpolicy-makingprocessesindevelopingcountriesaredifferentfromthoseindevelopedcountries,andthattheremaybedifferentfactorsbehindthesuccessofurbanrailsystemsintheformer.Inthelightofthesediscussions,thepaperconcludeswithremarksonhowthisstudycanbedevelopedfurthertoanalysetheurbanrailexperiencesofdevelopingcountries.
1.Introduction
Sincethe1970s,therehasbeenasignificantincreaseinurbanrailinvestment.Some139newurbanrailsystems,metrosandlightrailsystems,havebeenbuiltworldwideinthepastthreedecades.Theseinvestmentswereingeneralplannedasinstrumentstosolvetransportandland-useproblemsassociatedwithextensiveuseofthecar;
however,veryfewhavebeensuccessfulinimprovingtransportandtheurbanenvironment.Theseexperiencesledtoabroadareaofdebateintheliterature.Animportantpartofthedebatefocusedonthepatronage,thatis,thenumberofpassengerscarriedandthecostofnewrailsystems:
researchersdemonstratedthattheforecastlevelswerenotattainedinanumberofcases(Johnstonetal.1998,Pickrell1990,1992,Mackett1998).Inadditiontotheoverestimationofpatronage,ithasbeendiscussedthatotherbenefitsexpectedfromurbanrailinvestments,suchasanincreaseinpublictransportusageandareductionintrafficcongestionandairpollutionwerealsobeingoverestimated(Gomez-Ibanez1985,Hass-KlauandCrampton1998,MackettandEdwards1998,Richmond1998).Newmetrosandlightrailsystemsdidnothavestrongimpactonland-useandurbangrowtheither:
ithasbeendiscussedthatthesesystemshadpositiveland-useeffectsonlywhentheyweresupportedwithotherimprovementpackages,suchasapedestrianisationschemeincitycentres(Simpson1988,1989,WalmsleyandPerrett1992,Black1993,Hass-KlauandCrampton1998,Hass-Klauetal.2000).
Inspiteofthesefindings,politicalsupportforurbanrailsystemsisstillstrong.Recentpolicydocumentsinmostwesterncountrieshaveadvisedplannerstoadoptrail-basedsolutionstourbanproblems,statingthattheywerethemosteffectivepublictransportalternativeinattractingcarusers,reducingtrafficcongestionandairpollution;
anddirectingurbangrowth.Asaresult,investmentinurbanrailsystemsisverylikelytocontinue,andconsideringthecostincurredinthedevelopmentofthesesystems,tomakethemsuccessfulremainsachallenge.
Thispaperpresentsaresearch(Babalik2000)thathasbeencarriedoutonnew-generationurbanrailsystemsinNorthAmericaandBritain,withtheobjectiveofidentifyingthefactorsbehindsuccessandfailure.Thestudyexploreswaysofmakingnewurbanrailsystemsmoresuccessful.Itdevelopsamethodologyforanalysingthesuccessofsystems,identifyingthefactorsbehindtheirsuccess,andenhancingtheirsuccess.Basedontheanalysisofnewgenerationurbanrailsystems,aplanningframeworkisdeveloped.Theframeworkisapolicy-basedapproachtohelpplannersandoperatorsincreasethesuccessoftheirsystems.Ithastwomainfunctions:
itpredictsthesuccessofnewsystems,andmakesrecommendationsonhowtheirsuccesscanbeenhanced.
Becausetheframeworkisdevelopedthroughtheanalysisofurbanrailsystemsindevelopedcountries,itmaybearguedthatitisbestsuitedtobeappliedtosystemsinsuchcountries.However,fromthebeginningoftheresearch,ithasbeenanobjectivetoapplythefindingsonnewurbanrailsystemsinTurkeywiththeanticipationthatbothsuccessfulandunsuccessfulexperiencesinthedevelopedworldcancontributetotheurbanrailsystemplanningandoperationinTurkishcities.TheanalysisofTurkishrailsystemsincomparisontothoseinthedevelopedworldrevealedthatplanningandpolicy-makingprocessesindevelopingcountriesmaybedifferentfromthoseindevelopedcountries,andthattheremaybedifferentfactorsbehindthesuccessofurbanrailsystemsintheformer.Therefore,uponcompletionofthisresearch,ithasbeenplannedtoextendthestudyandadaptittourbanrailsystemsinThirdWorldcities.Thisissueisdiscussedintheconclusionofthispaper.
Inthefollowingsections,firstlytheobjectivesoftheresearchandthemethodsusedarepresented.Thisisfollowedbyasectiondescribingthestructureoftheresearchandthetasksinvolvedineachstage.Then,theresultsofthecasestudyanalysisarepresented,andbasedontheseresults,thedevelopmentoftheplanningframeworkisdescribed.Followingthis,thevalidityoftheframeworkisassessed.Finally,theapplicationoftheframeworkonThirdWorldcitiesisdiscussed,togetherwithpossibleimplicationsforfutureresearch.
2.Objectivesoftheresearch
Themainaimofthisresearchwastoidentifythefactorsaffectingthesuccessofurbanrailsystems,andbasedonthesefactors,todevelopaplanningframework,whichcanadviseplannersonhowtoinfluencethesefactorsandhelpmaketheirsystemsmoresuccessful.
Thestartingpointofthisresearchwastheincreasingamountofurbanrailinvestmentworldwideinspiteoftheevidencethatfewofthenew-generationurbanrailsystemshavebeensuccessful.Theaimwastodevelopaframeworkwhichcanbeapplicabletoallcitiesworldwide(withthepossibleexceptionofverylargecities,suchasLondon,NewYork,MexicoCity,etc.);
however,becauseofpracticalconcerns,suchastheavailabilityofinformationandpreviousresearchonsystemsandthewillingnessoftheplannersandoperatorstoco-operate,theresearchhasfocusedonNorthAmericanandBritishexamples.Consequently,theresearchdescribedhereproducesaplanningframeworkthatismostapplicabletourbanrailsystemsindevelopedcountries.Ontheotherhand,thereisawideraimtothisresearch,whichistobroadenthecontentoftheworkbyincludingmoreinternationalcomparisons.Inparticular,itisplannedtoadaptthisresearchtodevelopingcountries.
Asaresult,thestudysummarisedhereshouldbeseenasthefirststageofawiderresearchthattheauthorplanstoundertake.AnimportantobjectiveistoincorporatetheurbanrailplanningexperienceintheThirdWorldcitiestothisresearchandrefinetheplanningframework,thedevelopmentofwhichisdescribedinthispaper,sothatitcanalsobeapplicabletourbanrailsystemsinTheThirdWorld.
3.Methodology
3.1.Definingsuccess
Inthisstudy,successisdefinedintermsofthefulfilmentofexpectations.Newurbanrailsystemsareexpectedtoattaincertainobjectives,whichusuallyjustifytheirbeingdeveloped.Previousresearchonnewurbanrailsystems(Fouracreetal,1990;
WalmsleyandPerrett,1992;
ECMT,1994;
Simpson,1994;
MackettandEdwards,1996)revealedacomprehensivesetofobjectivesthatmostsystemsweredevelopedtofulfil.Inadditiontopreviousresearch,interviewsmadewithplannersforthisresearchrevealedsomeobjectivestobeparticularlyimportant.Combiningthemwiththedatafrompreviousresearch,fivemainobjectiveswereidentified.Thesearetoattainahighpatronage,oratleastmatchtheforecastpatronageonthesystem;
tobecost-effectiveintermsofbuildingandoperatingthesystem;
toincreasepublictransportusage;
topreventorsolvetheproblemsoftrafficcongestionandenvironmentalpollution;
andtoimprovetheland-useandurbangrowthpatterns.Thelastobjectiveofteninvolvessub-objectives,suchastostimulatedevelopmentatcitycentres,tostimulatedevelopmentineconomicallydecliningareasandtoimprovethepatternofurbangrowthbyreducingcar-orientedsprawl.
Thesuccessofsystemsismeasuredbytheirperformanceinattainingtheseobjective
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