微生物学大纲IWord文档格式.docx
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微生物学大纲IWord文档格式.docx
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Virus;
2.Prokaryoticgroup;
3.Eukaryoticgroup
(三)Characteristics.
二.RelationbetweenMicrobesandHuman.
BemorebeneficialthanharmfultoHuman.
三.Developmentalhistoryofmicrobiology
(一)Experientialperiodofmicrobiology
(二)Experimentalperiodofmicrobiology
1.Morphologicalperiod
2.Physiologicalperiod:
LouisPasteur;
RobertKoch;
Iwanovsky
(三)ModernMicrobiologicalperiod.
Chap.1BacterialBiologicalProperties(1.5h)
一.BacterialSizeandMorphology
(一)unitesofmeasurement:
μm(micronormicrometer);
nm;
(二)Basicmorphology:
Coccus;
Bacillus;
Spirillarbacterium;
(Vibrio;
Spirillum;
)
(三)Arrangementofbacteria
二.Basicstructureofbacteria
(一)CellWall
1.Function
2.Composition.
Maincomponent:
Peptidoglycan(i.e.mucopeptide)
(1)Backbone:
;
(2)Sidechain;
.(3)(Gly)5peptidecross-bridge:
(4)CellWallComparisonbetweenGram+andGram-bacteria.
(5)LTypebacteria
(二)Cellmembrane;
Cytoplasma;
Nucleus;
Mesosome,Chondroid
三.Specialstructuresofbacteria.
1.Capsule2.Flagellum3.PilusorFimbriae4.Spore
四.ExaminationandStaining:
Simplestaining:
;
Complexstaining:
ProcedureofGram’sStain;
PracticalSignificanceofGram’sstain:
BacterialPhysiology(2.5h)
一.ChemicalCompositionandPhysicalCharacteristicsofBacteria.(Self-learning)
二.GrowthandMutiplicationofbacteria
(一)Nutritionaltypesofbacteria
(二)Basicrequirmentofbacterialmutiplication
1.Nutriention:
water;
carbonsource;
nitrogensource;
inorganicsalt;
growthfactors
(Enzymes,Aminoacid…)
2.OptimalpH:
7.8-7.6,8.5-9forvibro;
3.ProperTemperature:
4.Definitegaseous:
O2,CO2,N2
Anaerobicprinciplesofanaerobes
(1)Donotpossesscytochromeoxidasenorcytochrome.
(2)Donotpossesshydrogenperoxidase,catalaseandsuperoxidedismutase(SOD).
三.Methodsandspeedofbacteriagrowth.
Manner:
Simplebinaryfission
Speed:
onegeneration/15’-20’;
onegeneration/20h.(T.b.)
Typicalgrowthcurveofbacteria.
1.Lagphase:
aperiodofadaptation;
2.Logarithmicphase:
rapidgrowth
3.Stationalphase;
4.Declinephase
四.Cultivationofbacteria
(一)Classificationofmedia
(二)Thephenomenonofbacterialgrowth
(三)SignificancesofProductsofmedicalimportance:
1.Pyrogen:
2.Exotoxins:
3.Endotoxins:
4.Antibiotics:
5.Bacteriocin:
6.Vitamin:
Chap2.Bacterialgeneticsandvariation(3h)
一.Bacterialvariation:
1.Morphologicalandstructurechange;
2.Loseofvirulence;
3.Antibiotics-resistantvariation.;
4.Colonialvariation.
二.Geneticbasisofbacteria
(一)Plasmid:
Ffactor;
Rfactor;
Colfactor.
(二)Bacteriophage
1.Propertiesofphage:
2.Relationbetweenhostcellandphage:
2.1Virulentphage;
2.2Temperatephage(Lysogenicphage)
2.3Lysogenicstate:
Prophage;
2.4Natureofthelysogenicbacteium.
3.Applicationofphage
(三)transposableelement(jumpinggenes)
三.MechanismofBacterialVariation.
(一)Mutation.(self-learning)
(二)Genetransferandrecombination.
1.Transformation:
TheNakedDNAderivefromonecellistakenupbyanotherrecipientandDNArecombinationcantakeplace.
2.Transduction
Genetransfermediatedbyabacteriophage.i.e.theDNAofonebacterialcellisintroducedintoanotherrecipientbybacteriophageinfection.
(1)Generalizedtransduction—anyofdonorgeneticinformationtransfertothechromosomeofrecipient
(2)Restrictedtransduction—Bacteriophagecanonlytransfercertaingenesfromthedonortorecipientcells.
3.LysogenicConversion:
SomebacteriaareinfectedbyatemperatephageandtheirDNArecombinatedtogetherandexpressed.
4.Conjugation:
Manybacteriacantransfergeneticinformation(chromosome,plasmid)throughcontactofthetwocellsbywayofsexpili
四.PracticalSignificanceofBacterialVariation
Diagnosis:
nontypicalstrain;
Prevention:
vaccine;
Clinicaltreatment.
Geneticengineering;
Genethrapy.
Chap.3BacterialDrug-Resistance(3h)
1.Introduction
Antibioticresistancinhumanandanimal;
mutipleantibioticresistance,mar
2.Mainmechanismsofantibioticresistanceformation
2.1GeneticMechanisms
PlasmidMediatedDrug-Resistance
Drug-resistancecouldbetransmittedbyconjugation.transformationandtransduction.
Transposon:
IS;
Tn;
Mu。
2.2Biochemicalmechanism
Targetsitemodification:
PBPs;
DNAgyrase;
gyrA,gyrBgenemutation..
modifiedenzyme:
β–lactamaseextended–spectrumβ–lactamase
aminoglycoside-modifiledenzymes
activeeffluxpump
Changeofpermeabilityofbacterialcellwall:
porin,OmpF;
OmpC。
Biofilm
3.Commondrug-resistantbacteriainhospitalinfection
4.Preventionandtreatmentprinciples
Minimalinhibitoryconcentration,MIC;
Minimalbactericidalconcentration,MBC
Chap.4Bacterialinfectionandpathogenesis(3h)
Normalfloraandopportunitists
一.Bacterialinfection
(一)infectioussources.
1.Exogenousinfection:
patients;
carrier;
animal.
2.Endogenousinfection
(二)infectioustypes
1.Inapparentinfection(subclinicalinfection)
2.Apparentinfection:
Toxemia;
Septicemia;
Bacteremia;
Pyemia;
Endotoxemia.
二.BacterialPathogenecity
Virulence:
InvasivenessorToxigenicity
Numberofbacterialentry:
Portalentry.
Bacterialvirulencefactors
LD50(LethalDose50)—thenumberofmicrobesthatmustbeadministeredtokill50%oftheanimals.
1.Bacterialrelatedstructures:
pili,LTA,.capsule,.microcapsule
2.InvasiveenzymeHyaluronidase,Coagulase:
3.Bacterialtoxin.:
Exotoxin;
Endotoxin;
Differentiationofexotoxinandendotoxin
三.Pathogenicityofvirulentfactors:
Superantigen;
Pathogenicityisland
Chap.5Generalpropertiesofviruses(3h)
一.Sizeandshape:
二.Structureandcomposition:
Necleocapsid=Nucleicacid+capsid
Virion=Nucleocapsid(Nakedvirus)
=Nucleocapsid+Envelope(envelopevirus)
三.Multiplication:
Replication;
Replicativecycle—
1.Adsorptionandpenetration;
2.Uncoating:
3.Biosynthesis:
SSRNA+,SSRNA-,Retrovirus,……..
mRNAtranscription;
Earlyproteintranslation;
Nucleicacidreplication;
(Progency)mRNAtranscription;
Lateproteintranslation.
4.Assembly,maturationandrelease.;
releasebylysisorbudding
(二)GrowthCurveofvirus:
Eclipsephase;
Logarithmicphase;
celldeathphase.
(三)Interference
四.GeneticsandVariation
(一)Viralvariationtypes
(二)viralmoleculargenetics.
(三)practicesignificanceofviralvariation.
1.Researchinviralpathogenesis;
2.Indiagnosis;
3.Intreatment;
4.Inprevention;
5.Ingeneticengineering..
五.Reactiontophysicalandchemicalagents
(一)Physicalfactors:
1.Temperature:
Resistanttocold—bestored-70℃;
Susceptibletoheat
2.pH
(二)Chemicalfactors
六.Classificationofviruses
1.Usuallyaccordingtotransmissionroutes;
2.Subvirus:
①satellitesvirus(virusoid拟病毒);
②viroid类病毒;
③prion朊粒.
Chap.6ViralInfectionandPathogenesis(3h)
一.Infection
1.TransmissionandEntrance
(1)Horizontaltransmission(betweenindividuals):
(2)Verticaltransmission(mothertobaby)
2.Spreadingwithinthehost
二.Viralinfectiousforms:
(一)Inapparentviralinfection(subclinicalinfection)
(二)Apparentinfection(Dominantinfection)
三.ViralPathogenesis:
(一)Effectonhostcell
1.Cytocidaleffect;
2.Steadystateinfection.Cellmembraneeffect;
3.Cellapoptosis;
4.Integration;
5.Celltransformation;
6.Inclusionbodyformation(Negribody).
(二)Effectonhost
1.Directdamage.Polio.vmotorneuron
2.ImmunopathologyInflammation
(TypeII、III、IVhypersensitivity)
3.Directeffectonimmunesystem
Chap.7Fungi(2h)
一.Characteristics:
Eucaryotic,including
Unicellular——yeasts.yeast-likeorganism,cryptococcusneoformans
Multicellular——molds:
hyphaespores
Sabouraud’smedium
二.Classificationanddisease
1.Dermatophytes,causingsuperficialmycoses(skin,hair,nail).
2.Causingopportunisticmycoses
(1)Candidaalbicans:
(2)Cryptococcusneoformans
3.Causingallergy;
4.CausingMycocoxicosis;
5.CausingCancer-relateddisease.
三.Detection:
1.directobservedbymicroscope:
hair;
2.Culture:
3.Animalinoculation:
cryptococcusneoformans.
Chap.8Chlamydia(3h)
C.trachomatis.
1.bothDNA+RNA.Binaryfission.
2.intracellularmultiplication.
Elementalybody——hasinfectivity.
Initialbody——Noinfectious.
Mycoplasma
1.procaryotic.smallest(0.2~0.3um)free-livingmicroorganisms,nocellwall,highlypleomorphic,canpassthroughfiltresthatretainmostbacteria.
2.Coloniesminute(<
0.2mm),showa“fried-eggappearance”
3.Existinmouth,respiratoryand
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