基础英语写作第一讲三段式作文展开技巧.docx
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基础英语写作第一讲三段式作文展开技巧.docx
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基础英语写作第一讲三段式作文展开技巧
第一讲三段式作文展开技巧
三段式作文由三个基木段落组成,即主题段、扩展段和终结段。
基木结构模
式可用以下菱形图表示。
1.主题段的展开方式
主题段的目的就是提出主题,为下文的展开做好铺垫。
因此,可根据标题,主题或段首句找出关键词,以便表明文章的主题。
屮心主题句是统领全文的纲,文章的各段都必须围绕中心主题展开并起解释和说明作用。
但主题的引人要简明生动、引人入胜,这样才能唤起读者的兴趣和共鸣。
主题段的展开方式有以下几种。
(1)〃图表作文〃主题段的引人
Fromthegraph(table,chart),wecanclearlyseetheincreaseofthenumberofpeopleattendingaduItandcontinuingeducation.Thenumberaddedupto43,205in1997,whi]ethefigurewas7,263in1987.Therefore,itcanbepredictedthatpeopletoattendthiskindofstudyingarctobeontheriseinthefuture.
(2)〃看图作文〃主题段的引人
themountainwascoveredwith
therewasnearlynotreeleft
Asisshownbythetwopictures,denseforestin1900,whilein1980,
onthemountain.
Itisclearthat
theseveredeforestationhas
forestreserves.
resultedintheseriousshortageof
(3)〃评论性作文〃主题段的引人
Diffcrcntpeoplehavedifferentattitudcs/opinionsonchatting
onTine.Answerstothequestionvarygreatly.Asisknowntoal1,everythinghastwosides.Somepeoplethinkthatthisphenomenonisgood,whileothers/otherpeoplebelieve/feelthatitisbad.Let'sfollowup:
(4)〃观点性作文〃主题的引人
Howtofinancetuitionandfeesforcollegeisacommonphenomenonforeverystudentinoursociety.Itisaverypopulartopicthatismuchtalkedaboutbyallkindsofpeople.
(5)〃问题性作文〃主题段的引人
Asweallknow,animalsintheirnaturalstatearepartofthewonderofcreationandthebeautyofourworld.ThepreservationofwiIdlifeisvital.However,atpresent,thereis1essandlessroomonourplanetforwildanimals.Theproblemofprotectingwildanimalsisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Ifnothingisdoneaboutit,oursocietywillbeencounteredwithseriousthreat(disastertohumanbeings)•
(6)〃定义性作文〃主题段的引人Luckynumbersarenumberscharactersmeaninggoodfortune,wealthorfortunemaking.
whichsoundlikesomeChineseForexample,8isassociatedwith
(7
As
It
)主题段引人主题的常用句型weallknow.•.AsisknowntoallAs
theproverbShakespeare
Weallknowthat.••
Asisshownby
goes
putsit,thepicture
Somepeoplearguethat.•.
Thechart!
graph/tableshows•…
Otherpeoplebelievethat••Itisquiteclearthat.••
Itiswellknownthat.••Itisreportedthat.…
Itisfairlyunknownthat...Tthasbeenfoundthat.…
Withthedevelopmentofsociety,moreattentionispaidtomanyproblems,oneofwhichisthat.
Something,justlikeanythingelseintheworld,hastheirpositiveandnegativesides.ThanksforChina"sreformandopening-uppolicy,therehasbeenearthshakingeconomicandsocialprogressinthepasttwodecadesandpeople'slivingstandardhasimproved,butatthesametimeitgivesrisetoahostofseriousproblemslike•…
2.扩展段的承启方式
扩展段是主题段的延伸,是作文的主体部分,必须紧扌II作文主题。
一般由一个以上的段落组成,即使只有一个段落,也应该比开头和结尾部分长,否则将失去平衡。
主体段落分别论述文章中心主题的某个方面,每个段落的主题必须与文章的主题相呼应,每个段落都必须保持文章的整体性和连贯性。
(1)以〃举例式〃展开段落
以〃举例式〃展开段落就是用具体事例阐述中心主题。
Laying-offalsobringsussomeadvantages.Forexample,whenacompanylaysoffanumberofpeople,itmeansthatthecompanywillgetmoreprofitsthanever.Asanotherinstance,ifa1aid-offworkerwantstogetanewjob,heoughttolearnsomekindofskillsforfutureuse.Thisactionwillpavethewayforsuccessinanother.
(2)以〃因果式〃展开段落
以〃因果式〃展开段落就是通过分析事情发生的原因,说明由此而产生的各种结果的方法。
Therearetwomajorreasonsforthechangeinpeople"sdiet.Foronething,withtheimprovementinthelivingstandard,peoplecanaffordtobuymuchmoreexpensivefoodwithbetternutrition.Foranother,peoplenowpaymoreattentiontothequalityofdiet,becausetheyknowitisofgreatbenefittotheirhealthtodietinasciontificway.Therefore,theytrytheirbesttoimprovethestructureoftheirfood.
(3)以〃递进式〃展开段落
以〃递进式〃展开段落就是根据事情发展的过程或程序,一步一步地进行阐述,最后强调重点的方式。
Idon"tteachbecauseteachingisnoteasyforme.TeachingisthemostdifficuItofthevariousways.NordoIteachbecauseIhaveknowledgeIfeelcompelledtoshare.Tnthefirstplace,IteachbecauseTlikethepaceoftheacademiccalendar,whichoffersanopportunityforreflcction,researchandwriting.Besides,Itcachbecauseteachingisaprofessionbuiltonchange.Moreover,1teachbecauseIcanaskquestionsthatstudentsstruggletoanswer.What"smore,IteachbecauseIcanfindwaysofgettingmyselfandstudentsoutoftheivorytowerintotherealsociety.
(4)以〃列举式〃展开段落
以〃列举式〃展开段落就是根据事物发展的过程或特点,分别归类阐述。
Travellingbenefitsusinmanyways.First,itisinstructive.Peoplecanlearnalotaboutthecultureandhistoryoftheplacestheyvisit.Second,itoffersfun.Careerpeoplearctiredofpressuresbroughtbythequickeningpaceofmodemlife.Byseeingthebeautifullandscapeofourmotherlandandothercountries,wegetrelaxed.Third,travelingofferschallengeandopportunitiesofcultivatinggoodcharacter,suchasindependence,courageandstrong-mindedness.So
moreandmorepeoplearegoingouttovisittheworld.
(5)以〃比较式〃展开段落
以〃比较式〃展开段落就是用辨别两种或两种以上相关事物的相同点的方式进行阐述。
Comparedwithcars,bicycleshavemanyadvantages.Firstitisconvenienttorideabike.Althoughitrunsmuchmoreslowlythanacar,youcanrideitanytimeandanywhere.Secondlyabikeismuchcheaperthanacar;therefore,everyfami1ycanaffordtobuy,whi1eacarisbeyondthemeansofmostChinesepeople.Thirdly,ridingbicycledoesgoodtopeople,shealthastheycangetphysicalexercisingthroughit.Finallyunlikeacar,abikeconsumesnofuelanddoesnotdischargeandsmoke,soridingbicycledoesnoharmtoourenvironment.
(6)以〃对照式〃展开段落
〃对照式〃展开段落是区别两种或两种以上事物不同点的一种方法。
DuringthetimewhenstudiedEnglishatmycollege,myexperiencewasafrustratingone.ThereweremanystudentswhospokemuchbetterthanIdid.BeforeIhardlyhadthetimetocreateacompletcsentcncc,theywouldjustanswertheteacher,squestioninanaturalwayasifwithoutmuchthinking.Ibegantofeelashamedandintimidated,soIamafraidtospeakEnglish.Asacontrast,thingsweredifferentwhenTstartedmyEnglishlearningonline.TalwayshadenoughtimetothinkoutmyideaanddevelopsomeboautifulsentencosbeforeIcreatedareplyandpasteditonthescreen.Ididr/tfeelintimidatedbystudentswhocanspeakfasterorbetterthanme.AsaresuItIwasmakingprogresswithmyEnglish.
(7)以〃时闰标志词式〃展开段落
〃时间标志词式〃是在具体的表时间的标志词之后,阐述相应的动作的一种方法。
Takinggoodnotesishelpfultomylearning.Justbeforeaclassstarts,Tdividemynotebookpageintotwoparts:
theleftpartfortakingdownnotesandtherightpartformainideas.Justafterclass,duringthebreakImakeuseofthefewminutestowritetwoorthreesentencesaboutthelesson"smainpoints.Thisisveryuseful,especiallyduringthetimeattheendofaterm.WhenIhavetoreviewandprepeireforthefinalexaminations.
另外,扩展段与主题段之间通常不需要专门的连接性词语过渡,其起始句没有固定的模式,可以是各种句式或〃启,承,转〃连接词。
但扩展段内部各要点之间,或多个扩展段之间,则通常需要过渡词的连接,这些过渡性词语或句式常见的有以下几种。
(1)用于〃启〃的过渡词First/Firstofall,..・Atfirst/Inthefirstplace,Tostartwith/Tobeginwith,⑵用于〃承〃的过渡词Second/Secondly,•••Besides/Inaddition,Third/Thirdly,..・Moreover/FurthermoreMostimportant/Importaritof
Now/Nowadays/Atpreserit,
Inthemodemtimes,.
Tnrecentyears/Recent1y
Suchas/Including.
That's/namely,•
Especially/Truly.
Tnfact/Asamatteroffact,•……Ccrtainly/Surcly,
Moreimportantly,.••
What'smore,
Finally/Atlast/Eventually,.Lastbutnottheleast,...Foronething/Foranother,'zObviously/Clearly.••
is...
Likewise/Similarly...
Atthesametime/Meemwhi1e..
Whenitcomesto.••
Whatismoreseriousis.••(3)用于〃转〃的过渡词
But.••
However,••.
While.・・
Whereas.••
Onthecontrary,
Oncontrastto..•
Tn/By/Asacontrast,..•
Convcrscly,.••
Notonly…,butalso
Inparticular/Particularly
•Indeed/Still•…
Tnpractice/Tntheory
Forexamplc/Forinstancc,
Asacaseinpoint/Acaseinpoint
Anotherfactorwas•…
Anotherkeyaspectof.…is•…
Itistruethat.…
Thereisnodoubtthat.
Nevertheless•
Otherwise•
Or.
Ononehand/Ontheotherhand
Despite,
Inspiteof.
Yet,
Instcad,…
3.结尾段的终结方式
结尾段是与主题段遥相呼应使短文在结构上形成一个统一的整体,呈一个倒漏斗状。
它先重中、照应、深化文章的主题,然后再引中到更广的空间中去,综合概括全文。
(1)首尾呼应式
在文章的结尾重中首段提出的题目,以便深化主题。
首段:
尾段
首段:
尾段:
Theviewoveravalleyofatinyvillagewiththatched(草盖的)roofcottagesaroundachurch;adrivethroughanarrowvillagestreetlinedwiththatchedcottagespaintedpinkorwhite;thesightovertherollinghillsofaprettycollectionofthatchedfarmbuildings-thesearesti11commonsightsinpartsofEngland.Mostpeoplewillagreethatthethatchedroofisanessent/ialpartoftheattractionoftheEnglishcountryside.
Tnfact,ifwelookatdevelopingcountries,overhalftheworldlivesunderthatch,buttheyalldoitindifferentways.Peoplein
developingcountriesareoftenreluctanttogobacktotraditionalmaterialsandwou1dprefermodembuildings.However,theymaylackthe
moneytoallowthemtoimportthenecessarymaterials・Their
temporarymudhutswiththatchedroofsofwildgrassesoftenonlylastsixmonths.ThatchwhichhasbeendonetheBritishwaylastsfronitwentytosixtyyears,andisaneffectivedefianeeagainsttheheat<
(2)总结式
对文章的讨论进行概括性地总结,使文章中心思想及观点更加明确和突出。
Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodo
Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactual1yreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappinessthenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue:
moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvingsomepain.
withfunisoneofthemost1iberatingrealizations.Tt
liberatestime:
nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberates
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