Pearls of English Language the English LiteratureWord格式.docx
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Pearls of English Language the English LiteratureWord格式.docx
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Normanconquest
ofEnglandin1066,Anglo-Saxonunderwentagradualtransitioninto
MiddleEnglish.Inthisperiodreligiousliteraturecontinuedtoenjoypopularityand
Hagiographies
werewritten,adaptedandtranslated.ThemostsignificantMiddleEnglishauthoristhepoetGeoffreyChaucer(c.1342-1400).TheCanterburyTalesishismasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishLanguage.
TheRenaissancemarkstheperiodofEuropeanhistoryatthecloseofthemiddleAgesandtheriseoftheModernworld.Itrepresentsaculturalrebirthfromthe14ththroughthemiddleofthe17thcenturies.Renaissancestyleandideas,however,wereslowinpenetratingEngland,andthe
Elizabethanera
inthesecondhalfofthe16thcenturyisusuallyregardedastheheightoftheEnglishRenaissance.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)wasthegreatestplaywrightandpoetintheperiodofEnglishRenaissance.Allhislifehewrote39plays,2longpoems,and154sonnets,whichenlisthimamongthemastersoftheworldliterature.Shakespearewroteplaysinavarietyofgenres,including
histories,
tragedies,
comedies
andthelateromances,ortragicomedies.HisearlyclassicalandItalianatecomedies,like
AComedyofErrors,containingtightdoubleplotsandprecisecomicsequences,givewayinthemid-1590stotheromanticatmosphereofhisgreatestcomedies.
AMidsummerNight'
sDream
isawittymixtureofromance,fairymagic,andrusticcomicscenes.Shakespeare'
snextcomedy,theequallyromantic
MerchantofVenice,canbeproblematicbecauseofhowitportraysShylock,avengefulJewishmoneylender.Thewitandwordplayof
MuchAdoAboutNothing,thecharmingruralsettingof
AsYouLikeIt,andthelivelymerrymakingof
TwelfthNight
completeShakespeare'
ssequenceofgreatcomedies.
Afterthelyrical
RichardII,writtenalmostentirelyinverse,Shakespeareintroducedprosecomedyintothehistoriesofthelate1590s,
HenryIV,parts1
and
2,and
HenryV.Hischaractersbecomemorecomplexandtenderasheswitchesdeftlybetweencomicandseriousscenes,proseandpoetry,andachievesthenarrativevarietyofhismaturework.
Thisperiodbeginsandendswithtwotragedies:
RomeoandJuliet,thefamousromantictragedyofsexuallychargedadolescence,love,anddeath;
and
JuliusCaesar,whichintroducedanewkindofdrama.
Intheearly17thcentury,Shakespearewrotetheso-called"
problemplays"
MeasureforMeasure,TroilusandCressida,and
All'
sWellThatEndsWell,aswellasanumberofhisbestknown
tragedies,including
Hamlet,
Othello,
Macbeth,
KingLear
andAnthonyandCleopatra.Amongthebest-knownisHamlet,whichisregardedasamilestoneinShakespeare’sdramaticdevelopment.Shakespeareachievesartisticmaturityinthisworkthroughhisbrilliantdepictionofthehero’sstrugglewithtwoopposingforces:
moralintegrityandtheneedtoavengehisfather’smurder.Asforme,hiscomediesaremostattractive.
Onereasonthathisworksaresoattractiveiswhenwereadhisworkswearealwaysmeetingourownexperiencesandareconstantlysurprisedbysomephraseswhichexpresswhatwethinktobeourownsecretordiscovery,especiallyintheappreciationofthosebeautifullovestories.Seeminglyhethinksoflove,asmanyothermenhavedone,intermsofpoeticimageriessuchasthesun,themoon,andthethingslikethat.Beyondthemarehisprofoundacknowledgementandrealizationoflove.
The17thcenturywitnessedtheBourgeoisRevolutionandtheRestoration.TheGloriousRevolutionmarkedtheendofacenturyofdisputesandbattles.ThestatestructureofEnglandwassettled,withinwhichcapitalismcoulddevelopfreely.Englishliteratureofthisperiodwasoftenconcernedwiththetremendoussocialupheavalsofthetime.Theofficialbreakinliteraryculture,allowingaseeminglyfreshstartforallformsofliteratureaftertheRestoration.JohnMiltonisoneofthegreatestEnglishpoets,wroteatthistimeofreligiousfluxandpoliticalupheaval.Milton'
spoetryandprosereflectdeeppersonalconvictions,apassionforfreedomandself-determination,andtheurgentissuesandpoliticalturbulenceofhisday.WritinginEnglish,Latin,andItalian,heachievedinternationalrenownwithinhislifetime,andhiscelebratedAreopagitica,writtenincondemnationofpre-publicationcensorship,isamonghistory'
smostinfluentialandimpassioneddefensesoffreespeechandfreedomofthepress.WilliamHayley'
s1796biographycalledhimthe"
greatestEnglishauthor”,andheremainsgenerallyregarded"
asoneofthepreeminentwritersintheEnglishlanguage"
.ParadiseLostishismasterpiece.ThepoemconcernstheBiblicalstoryoftheFallofMan:
thetemptationofAdamandEvebythefallenangelSatanandtheirexpulsionfromtheGardenofEden.Milton'
spurpose,statedinBookI,isto"
justifythewaysofGodtomen"
.ThewriterandcriticSamuelJohnsonwrotethatParadiseLostshowsoff"
[Milton'
s]peculiarpowertoastonish"
andthat"
[Milton]seemstohavebeenwellacquaintedwithhisowngenius,andtoknowwhatitwasthatNaturehadbestoweduponhimmorebountifullythanuponothers:
thepowerofdisplayingthevast,illuminatingthesplendid,enforcingtheawful,darkeningthegloomy,andaggravatingthedreadful."
AfterthesocialchangesoftheReformationandtherestoration,Britainenteredaperiodofcomparativelypeacefuldevelopmentinthe18thcentury.Duringthe18thcenturyliteraturereflectedtheworldviewoftheAgeofEnlightenment(orAgeofReason):
arationalandscientificapproachtoreligious,social,political,andeconomicissuesthatpromotedasecularviewoftheworldandageneralsenseofprogressandperfectibility.LedbythephilosopherswhowereinspiredbythediscoveriesofthepreviouscenturybypeoplelikeIsaacNewtonandthewritingsofDescartes,JohnLockeandFrancisBacon.Theysoughttodiscoverandtoactuponuniversallyvalidprinciplesgoverninghumanity,nature,andsociety.Inprose,theearlierpartoftheperiodwasovershadowedbythedevelopmentoftheEnglishessay.However,thiswasalsothetimewhentheEnglishnovel,firstemergingintheRestoration,developedintoamajorartform.DanielDefoeturnedfromjournalismandwritingcriminallivesforthepresstowritingfictionalcriminalliveswithRoxanaandMollFlanders.HealsowroteafictionaltreatmentofthetravelsofAlexanderSelkirkcalledRobinsonCrusoe(1719).Despiteitssimplenarrativestyle,RobinsonCrusoewaswellreceivedintheliteraryworldandisoftencreditedasmarkingthebeginningofrealisticfictionasaliterarygenre.IsupposedthatRobinsonCrusoewasarealhero.IfIwerehim,Ididn’tknowhowtomakemelive,dark,cold,hungry,andlonely,theymaydefeatmecompletely.Hehadmanygoodqualitiesofhumanbeings,suchasbrave,strong,wisdomandloveoflabor.Hewasnotafraidofthedifficulties,hefullofcourageandnevergavein.Although,thisstoryhappenedafewhundredyearsago,butRobinsonCrusoe’sspiritwasworthstudyinthesedays.
Romanticismwasanartistic,literary,andintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinEuropetowardtheendofthe18thcentury.TheRomanticperiodwasoneofmajorsocialchangeinEngland,becauseoftherapiddevelopmentofindustrialcities.ThemovementinEnglandwastheresultoftwoforces:
theAgriculturalRevolutiondroveworkersofftheland,andtheIndustrialRevolutionwhichprovidedthememployment.RobertBurns(1759–1796)wasapioneeroftheRomanticMovement,andafterhisdeathhebecameaculturaliconinScotland.Aswellaswritingpoems,BurnsalsocollectedfolksongsfromacrossScotland,oftenrevisingoradaptingthem.”ARed,RedRose”issopopularthatitwasselectedforourtextbook.ShelleyisperhapsbestknownforpoemssuchasOzymandias,OdetotheWestWind,ToaSkylark,Music,WhenSoftVoicesDie,TheCloud,TheMasqueofAnarchyandAdonaï
s,anelegywrittenonthedeathofKeats.”Winterhascome,canspringbefarbehind?
”haswonuniversalpraise.Shelleybecameanidolofthenextthreeorfourgenerationsofpoets,includingimportantVictorianandPre-RaphaelitepoetssuchasRobertBrowning,andDanteGabrielRossetti,aswellaslaterW.B.Yeats.Shelley’swifeMaryShelley(1797–1851)isrememberedastheauthorofFrankenstein.FrankensteinisinfusedwithelementsoftheGothicnovelandtheRomanticmovementandisalsoconsideredtobeoneoftheearliestexamplesofsciencefiction.Sincepublicationofthenovel,thename"
Frankenstein"
isoftenusedtorefertothemonsteritself.
ItwasintheVictorianera(1837–1901)thatthenovelbecametheleadingliterarygenreinEnglish.Womenplayedanimportantpartinthisrisingpopularitybothasauthorsandasreaders.CharlesDickens(1812–70)emergedontheliterarysceneinthelate1830sandsoonbecameprobablythemostfamousnovelistinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.OneofhismostpopularworkstothisdayisAChristmasCarol(1843).CaroltellsthestoryofabitteroldmisernamedEbenezerScroogeandhistransformationintoagentler,kindliermanaftervisitationsbytheghostofhisformerbusinesspartnerJacobMarleyandtheGhostsofChristmasesP
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