Acing the TOEFL Writing 3Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Acing the TOEFL Writing 3Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Conclusion
vSummarizetheessay’skeypoint(s)
(总结全文要点)
2.Restatetheauthor’sposition/opinion(ThesisStatement)
(重述文章立场)
3.Close;
bringanendtotheessay
(收尾)
BodyParagraph(2/3)
vBodyParagraphModel:
vTopicSentence(主题句):
Tellyourreaderswhatyou’regoingtotellthem.
(告诉读者你将告诉他们什么)
2.SpecificSupport(细节支持):
Tellittothem.
(告诉读者这些内容)
3.RewordedTopicSentence(重述主题):
Tellthemwhatyoujusttoldthem.
(告诉读者你刚刚告诉了他们什么)
BodyParagraph(3/3)
vFiveRequirements:
1.Length(长度):
7-11sentences;
2.LimitorFocus(范围与中心);
3.Unity(一致);
4.CoherenceandCohesion(连贯);
5.Development(拓展).
HowtoWriteAGoodTopicSentence
Topicsentence:
Aprecisestatementoftheopinionyouwishtopersuadeyourreaderstoaccept.
主题句(意欲说服读者去接受的观点的精确陈述)
TopicSentence
vTopicsentence?
1.Historyiswhathappenedinthepast.
2.Historyiswhatwillhappeninthefuture.
3.Parentsarereallychildren’sgreatestenemy.
4.Part-timejobsaremoreimportantthanstudytouniversitystudents.
----afact
----anopinionthathardlyanyonebelieves
----outrageousstand
vTwoparts(Noinstantacceptance,nordoubt):
(勿引起瞬间认可或怀疑):
1.alimitedsubject;
2.apreciseopinionaboutthatsubject.
Nowadays,part-timejobsaresoessentialasstudytouniversitystudents.
vBasicPattern:
“limitedsubject”is“preciseopinion”
vOver-packagingofsupermarketitemsisseriouslywastefulofnaturalresources.
vGoingtoTorontoislikecominghome.
vHitchhikingisdangerous.
vSophisticatedPattern:
vOver-packagingofsupermarketitemsseriouslywastesnaturalresources.
vEventhoughIhaveneverreallylivedthere,goingtoTorontoislikecominghome.
vHitchhikinghasprovedthelastrideformanypeople.
vPlacing&
Focus
Placing:
always1stsentence?
ChoiceA:
1stsentence
ChoiceB:
2ndsentence
*Handout,Page10of52
vFocus:
1.Becomplete:
asentence
(完整的句子)
2.Beclear:
plainandobvious
(清晰:
朴实而明确)
3.Bespecific:
Ifsufficientlyspecific,atopicsentencetendstobeclear.
(细节:
充分细节,即是清晰)
①StreetandhighwayconstructioninBeijingisadebatablesubject.
Possiblecorrections:
vManypeopleinBeijingarguethatpartsof4thRingRoadisuglyandobscurestheview.
vAllfour-lanehighwaysinBeijingshouldbeabolished.
vHighwayconstructioninBeijingmaybeacceleratedbecauseoftheserioustrafficcongestion.
DPPractice----SolidRealTopics
②Acollegestudentshouldknowhowtowriteagoodcomposition.
Possiblecorrections:
vWritinganoutlineisanaidtoorganizingacomposition.
vWordchoiceinacompositionshouldbebothexactandimaginative.
vSentencelengthandstructureshouldbevariedinacomposition.
vTheparagraphsofacompositionmustberelatedtoeachother.
vThethesissentenceofacompositioniscomparabletothetopicsentenceofaparagraph.
vThetitleofacompositionshouldprovokethereader’sinterestandgivehimanideaofwhatthecompositionisabout.
T.S.:
RealPastTopics
v2009-05-30IndependentWriting
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?
Youngerschoolchildrenaged5to10shouldberequiredtostudyartandmusicinadditiontomath,language,science,andhistory.
v2009-5-30
Severaldecadesago,onlyseen/viewed/regardedasamethodofentertainmentandamusement,artandmusicarenotrequiredcoursesforyoungerchildrenage5to10.Yetagrowingnumberofpeople,includingme,aretakingafreshattitudethatartandmusic,inadditiontomath,language,science,andhistory,shouldbelistedascompulsorycoursesinprimaryeducation.Thisessaywillexplorethreeessentialreasons:
theoutletofpressure,thesourceofinspiration,andeventheappreciationofcultureandhistory.
(83words)
vTopicSentence:
Artandmusicaretheoutletofpressurefromtraditionalcourses.
Artandmusicprove/areregardedas/arethoughtofas/areconsideredasanoutletofpressurefrommath,language,science,andhistory.
Artandmusicarethesourceofinspirationoftraditionalcourses.
Artandmusiccoursescanhelpyoungerstudentsinspirenewinsightsintotraditionalcourses.
Artandmusicisamirrorofcultureandhistory.
Throughartandmusic,childrenmaygainadeeperappreciationofcultureandhistory.
v2010-03-06
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement:
Inordertosolvetheproblemsinthepresentandfuture,itisnecessarytounderstandpast.
vItwasuniversallyacceptedthatspendingmuchtimeonstudyinghistoryisunreasonable,sincetheinformationpeopleobtainlacksthepracticalimplementation.Incontemporarysociety,mostpeople,includingme,areconvincedthattodealwiththetroublesordifficultiesinthepresentandfuture,itisabsolutelynecessarytohaveadeeperunderstandingofpast,whichwillhelpusunderstandsocialmechanism,createbettercommunication,andthenavoidoldmistakes.
(71words)
vBetterunderstandingofsocialmechanismreflectedinhistorycanhelppeopledealwithsolidtroubles.
vHistorystoriescanimpartpeopleeffectivecommunicationskillswhichmakegreatcontributiontoaddressingproblems.
vExperienceincludedinpastcaseswilldefinitelyshieldpeoplefromoldmistakes.
HowtoObtainEffectiveDevelopment
Development:
Possiblythemostserious-andmostcommon-weaknessofallessaysbynovicewritersisthelackofeffectivelydevelopedbodyparagraphs.Therefore,youmustincludeenoughsupportinginformationorevidenceineachparagraphtomakeyourreadersunderstandyourtopicsentence.
vInform&
Persuade
Body:
EffectiveDevelopment
v5StrategiesofDevelopment
1.Cause&
Effect,
2.Exemplification,
3.Division&
Classification,
4.Comparison&
Contrast.
5.Definition,
Development:
CauseandEffect
vAristotle’sthreebasicsourcesofappeal:
Logos,Ethos,andPathos:
Syllogism(三段论):
Enthymeme:
BecauseSocratesisaman,heismortal.
(三段论省略式)
MajorPremise:
Allmenaremortal.
(unstatedreason)
MinorPremise:
Socratesisaman.
(statedreason)
Conclusion:
Therefore,Socratesismortal.
(claim)
2009-06-12:
Studentsshouldworkatpart-timejobswhenattendinguniversity.
Enthymeme(三段论省略式):
Part-timejobsarebadforcollegestudentsbecausetheytakeawaystudytime.
Conclusion(claim):
Part-timejobsarebadforcollegestudents.
MinorPremise(statedreason):
becausetheytakeawaystudytime.
MajorPremise(unstatedreason):
Lossofstudytimeisbad.
Part-timejobsaregoodforcollegestudentsbecausetheyteachresponsibilityandtimemanagement.
Part-timejobsaregoodforcollegestudents.
becausetheyteachresponsibilityandtimemanagement.
Activitiesthatteachresponsibilityandtimemanagementaregood.
vStephenToulmin’smodel:
Claim:
你意图说服受众去接受的观点
StatedReason:
yourbecauseclause;
你陈述的理由
Grounds:
theevidence(data,facts,testimony,statistics,examples)supportingyourstatedreason.
UnstatedReason:
未明示的理由
Backing:
evidenceorotherargumentationsupportingtheunstatedreason.
Qualifier:
wordsorphraseslimitingtheforceofyourclaim.
MichealYuisabadleader.
becauseheistoobossy.
variousexamplesofMichealYu’sbossiness;
testimonyabouthisbossinessfromteachersinNOS.
Bossypeoplearebadleaders.
argumentsshowingthatotherthingsbeingequal,bossypeopletendtobringouttheworstratherthanthebestinthosearoundthem;
bossypeopletendnottoaskadvice,makebaddecisions;
etc.
Inmostcircumstances,heisn’tagoodleader.Manypeoplethinkheisn’tagoodleader.
Part-timejobsarebadforcollegestudents.
Statedreason:
Dataandevidenceshowingthatpart-timejobstakeawaystudytime(examplesofcollegestudentswhoworklateanddon’tstudy,statisticsshowingthatcollegestudentswithjobsstudylessthanthosewithoutjobs,testimonyfromteachersthatworkingcollegestudentsstudylessthanthosewithoutjobs,etc).
inmanycases;
formanyteenagers
Part-timejobsarebadforcolleg
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