层次分析法文献翻译文档格式.docx
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层次分析法文献翻译文档格式.docx
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院、系(部)计算机科学与技术学院
专业及班级计科0903班
姓名888
指导教师888
日期2013年3月
AnalyticHierarchyProcess
TheAnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP)isastructuredtechniqueforhelpingpeopledealwithcomplexdecisions.Ratherthanprescribinga"
correct"
decision,theAHPhelpspeopletodetermineonethatsuitstheirneedsandwants.Basedonmathematicsandpsychology,itwasdevelopedbyThomasL.Saatyinthe1970sandhasbeenextensivelystudiedandrefinedsincethen.TheAHPprovidesacomprehensiveandrationalframeworkforstructuringaproblem,forrepresentingandquantifyingitselements,forrelatingthoseelementstooverallgoals,andforevaluatingalternativesolutions.Itisusedthroughouttheworldinawidevarietyofdecisionsituations,infieldssuchasgovernment,business,industry,healthcare,andeducation.
Severalfirmssupplycomputersoftwaretoassistinusingtheprocess.
UsersoftheAHPfirstdecomposetheirdecisionproblemintoahierarchyofmoreeasilycomprehendedsub-problems,eachofwhichcanbeanalyzedindependently.Theelementsofthehierarchycanrelatetoanyaspectofthedecisionproblem—tangibleorintangible,carefullymeasuredorroughlyestimated,well-orpoorly-understood—anythingatallthatappliestothedecisionathand.
Oncethehierarchyisbuilt,thedecisionmakerssystematicallyevaluateitsvariouselements,comparingthemtooneanotherinpairs.Inmakingthecomparisons,thedecisionmakerscanuseconcretedataabouttheelements,ortheycanusetheirjudgmentsabouttheelements'
relativemeaningandimportance.ItistheessenceoftheAHPthathumanjudgments,andnotjusttheunderlyinginformation,canbeusedinperformingtheevaluations.
TheAHPconvertstheseevaluationstonumericalvaluesthatcanbeprocessedandcomparedovertheentirerangeoftheproblem.Anumericalweightorpriorityisderivedforeachelementofthehierarchy,allowingdiverseandoftenincommensurableelementstobecomparedtooneanotherinarationalandconsistentway.ThiscapabilitydistinguishestheAHPfromotherdecisionmakingtechniques.
Inthefinalstepoftheprocess,numericalprioritiesarederivedforeachofthedecisionalternatives.Sincethesenumbersrepresentthealternatives'
relativeabilitytoachievethedecisiongoal,theyallowastraightforwardconsiderationofthevariouscoursesofaction.
Usesandapplications
Whileitcanbeusedbyindividualsworkingonstraightforwarddecisions,AnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP)ismostusefulwhereteamsofpeopleareworkingoncomplexproblems,especiallythosewithhighstakes,involvinghumanperceptionsandjudgments,whoseresolutionshavelong-termrepercussions.Ithasuniqueadvantageswhereimportantelementsofthedecisionaredifficulttoquantifyorcompare,orwherecommunicationamongteammembersisimpededbytheirdifferentspecializations,terminologies,orperspectives.
DecisionsituationstowhichtheAHPcanbeappliedinclude:
∙Choice-Theselectionofonealternativefromagivensetofalternatives,usuallywheretherearemultipledecisioncriteriainvolved.
∙Ranking-PuttingasetofalternativesinorderfrommosttoleastdesirablePrioritization-Determiningtherelativemeritofasetofalternatives,asopposedtoselectingasingleoneormerelyrankingthem
∙Resourceallocation-Apportioningresourcesamongasetofalternatives
∙Benchmarking-Comparingtheprocessesinone'
sownorganizationwiththoseofotherbest-of-breedorganizations
∙Qualitymanagement-Dealingwiththemultidimensionalaspectsofqualityandqualityimprovement
TheapplicationsofAHPtocomplexdecisionsituationshavenumberedinthethousands,andhaveproducedextensiveresultsinproblemsinvolvingplanning,Resourceallocation,prioritysetting,andselectionamongalternatives.Otherareashaveincludedforecasting,toreotalqualitymanagement,businessprocessre-engineering,qualityfunctiondeployment,andtheBalancedScorecard.ManyAHPapplicationsareneverreportedtotheworldatlarge,becausetheytakeplaceathighlevelsoflargeorganizationswheresecurityandprivacyconsiderationsprohibittheirdisclosure.ButsomeusesofAHParediscussedintheliterature.Recentlythesehaveincluded:
∙Decidinghowbesttoreducetheimpactofglobalclimatechange(FondazioneEniEnricoMattei)
∙Quantifyingtheoverallqualityofsoftwaresystem(Microsoftcorporation)
∙Selectinguniversityfaculty(BloomsburgUniversityofPennsy)
∙Decidingwheretolocateoffshoremanufacturingplants(UniversityofCambridge)
∙Assessingriskinoperatingcross-countryprtroleumpipelines(AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers)
∙DecidinghowbesttomanageU.S.watersheds(U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture)
AHPissometimesusedindesigninghighlyspecificproceduresforparticularsituations,suchastheratingofbuildingsbyhistoricsignificance.ItwasrecentlyappliedtoaprojectthatusesvideofootagetoassesstheconditionofhighwaysinVirginia.Highwayengineersfirstusedittodeterminetheoptimumscopeoftheproject,thentojustifyitsbudgettolawmakers.
AHPiswidelyusedincountriesaroundtheworld.AtarecentinternationalconferenceonAHP,over90paperswerepresentedfrom19countries,includingtheU.S.,Germany,Japan,Chile,Malaysia,andNepal.TopicscoveredrangedfromEstablishingPaymentStandardsforSurgicalSpecialists,toStrategicTechnologyRoadmapping,toInfrastructureReconstructioninDevastatedCountries.AHPwasintroducedinChinain1982,anditsuseinthatcountryhasexpandedgreatlysincethen—itsmethodsarehighlycompatiblewiththetraditionalChinesedecisionmakingframework,andithasbeenusedformanydecisionsinthefieldsofeconomics,energy,management,environment,traffic,agriculture,industry,andthemilitary.
ThoughusingAHPrequiresnospecializedacademictrainning,thesubjectiswidelytaughtattheuniversitylevel—oneAHPsoftwareproviderlistsoverahundredcollegesanduniversitiesamongitsclients.AHPisconsideredanimportantsubjectinmanyinstitutionsofhigherlearning,includingschoolsofengineeringandGraduateschoolofBusiness.AHPisalsoanimportantsubjectinthequalityfield,andistaughtinmanyspecializedcoursesincludingSixSigma,LeanSixSigma,andQFD.
InChina,nearlyahundredschoolsoffercoursesinAHP,andmanydoctoralstudentschooseAHPasthesubjectoftheirresearchanddissertations.Over900papershavebeenpublishedonthesubjectinthatcountry,andthereisatleastoneChinesescholarlyjournaldevotedexclusivelytoAHP.
Implementation
Ascanbeseenintheexamplesthatfollow,usingtheAHPinvolvesthemathematicalsynthesisofnumerousjudgmentsaboutthedecisionproblemathand.Itisnotuncommonforthesejudgmentstonumberinthedozensoreventhehundreds.Whilethemathcanbedonebyhandorwithacalculator,itisfarmorecommontouseoneofseveralcomputerizedmethodsforenteringandsynthesizingthejudgments.Thesimplestoftheseinvolvestandardspreadsheetsoftware,whilethemostcomplexusecustomsoftware,oftenaugmentedbyspecialdevicesforacquiringthejudgmentsofdecisionmakersgatheredinameetingroom.
Stepsinusingtheprocess
TheprocedureforusingtheAHPcanbesummarizedas:
1.Modeltheproblemasahierarchycontainingthedecisiongoal,thealternativesforreachingit,andthecriteriaforevaluatingthealternatives.
2.Establishprioritiesamongtheelementsofthehierarchybymakingaseriesofjudgmentsbasedonpairwisecomparisonsoftheelements.Forexample,whencomparingpotentialreal-estatepurchases,theinvestorsmightsaytheypreferlocationoverpriceandpriceovertiming.
3.Synthesizethesejudgmentstoyieldasetofoverallprioritiesforthehierarchy.Thiswouldcombinetheinvestors'
judgmentsaboutlocation,priceandtimingforpropertiesA,B,C,andDintooverallprioritiesforeachproperty.
4.Checktheconsistencyofthejudgments.
5.Cometoafinaldecisionbasedontheresultsofthisprocess.
Criticisms
TheAHPisnowincludedinmostoperationsresearchandmanagementsciencetextbooks,andistaughtinnumerousuniversities;
itisusedextensivelyinorganizationsthathavecarefullyinvestigateditstheoreticalunderpinnings.Whilethegeneralconsensusisthatitisbothtechnicallyvalidandpracticallyuseful,themethoddoeshaveitscritics.
Intheearly1990saseriesofdebatesbetweencriticsandproponentsofAHPwaspublishedinManagementScienceandTheJournaloftheOperationalResearchSociety.ThesedebatesseemtohavebeensettledinfavorofAHP.
Occasionalcriticismsstillappear.A1997paperexaminedpossibleflawsintheverbal(vs.numerical)scaleoftenusedinAHPpairwisecomparisons.AnotherfromthesameyearclaimedthatinnocuouschangestotheAHPmodelcanintroduceorderwherenoorderexists.A2006paperfoundthattheadditionofcriteriaforwhichallalternativesperformequallycanaltertheprioritiesofalternatives.Anin-depthpaperdiscussingtheacademiccriticismsofAHPwaspublishedinOperationsResearchin2001.
Mostofthecriticismsinvolveaphenomenoncalledrankreversal,discussedinthefollowingsection.
Rankreversal
Manypeoplehearaboutrankreversalandassumethatthereissomesortofprovenprincipleaboutitthatneedstobeupheldinmakingdecisions.ThatassumptionhasledtomuchmisunderstandingofAHPandotherdecisionmakingtechniques.Inactuality,rankreversalisacomplexmatteraboutwhichtherearemanyconflictingideasandopinions.Thissectionoffersasimplifiedexplanationofthesituation.
Decisionmakinginvolvesrankingalternativesintermsofc
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