The Age of InnocenceWord格式文档下载.docx
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The Age of InnocenceWord格式文档下载.docx
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InPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfor
TheDegreeofBachelorofArts
UndertheSupervisionofMsYeShanshan
ZhejiangWanliUniversity
March2015
外语学院学生毕业论文独创性声明
本人郑重声明:
所呈交的毕业论文是本人在导师的认真指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的研究成果。
除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文不包含其他个人或集体已经发表的学术成果,也不包含为获得浙江万里学院或其它教育机构的学位证书而使用过的材料。
对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式表明。
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Abstract
EdithWhartonisoneofthefamousAmericanwritersattheendofthenineteenthcentury.SheisthefirstAmericanfemalewritertohavebeenhonoredwiththePulitzerPrizeforLiterature.ShehasbeennominatedfortheNobelPrizeinLiteratureforthreetimes.DiverseworksofWhartonfocusontheAmericanupperclass.TheAgeofInnocenceisWharton’smagnumopus,whichhasbeenanalyzedfromvariousperspectivesbymanyscholars.However,thisthesismainlyanalyzesthisnovelwithFreud’stheoryofpersonalitystructure—intermsoftheid,theegoandthesuper-ego,hopingtohelpthereadersobtainabetterappreciationofthebookandexperiencethespiritualgrowthofthecharacters.
Keywords:
EdithWhartonTheAgeofInnocenceSigmundFreudtheoryofpersonalitystructurespiritualgrowth
摘要
伊迪丝·
华顿是十九世纪末美国著名的作家之一,是第一位荣膺普利策文学奖的美国女性作家。
她的作品体裁多样,多为描写美国上流社会。
她本人曾三次获得诺贝尔文学奖的提名。
《纯真年代》是华顿的代表作,许多学者已从各种视角对其进行了分析。
而本研究用弗洛伊德的人格结构理论对华顿的《纯真年代》进行分析—主要从本我、自我和超我三方面对该作品中的两位主人公进行剖析,旨在帮助读者深入了解此作品,体会人物的心灵成长。
关键词:
华顿《纯真年代》弗洛伊德人格结构理论心灵成长
Contents
1Introduction1
2EdithWhartonandTheAgeofInnocence2
2.1EditWharton2
2.2TheAgeofInnocence3
3SigmundFreudandHisPersonalityStructure4
3.1SigmundFreud4
3.2Freud’sPersonalityStructure5
4AnAnalysisofWharton’sTheAgeofInnocencewithFreud’sPersonalityStructure…………………………………………………………………………….7
4.1EllenOlenska7
4.1.1Ellen’sId7
4.1.2Ellen’sEgo9
4.1.3Ellen’sSuper-ego10
4.2NewlandArcher10
4.2.1Newland’sId11
4.2.2Newland’sEgo11
4.2.3Newland’sSuper-ego13
5TheReasonsofEllen’sandNewland’sSpiritualGrowth13
5.1TheExternalReasons14
5.1.1TheLimitationsoftheOldNewYork14
5.1.2TheLifeExperienceoftheAuthor15
5.2TheInternalReasons16
5.2.1Ellen’sCharacter16
5.2.2Newland’sCharacter17
6Conclusion18
WorksCited20
Acknowledgements
1Introduction
EdithWharton(1862-1937)isanoutstandingAmericanwriterattheturnofthe20thcentury.Duringherliterarycareer,shehascreatedconsiderableinfluentialworks.SheisthefirstAmericanfemalewritertohavebeenhonoredwiththePulitzerPrizeforLiterature.ShehasalsobeennominatedfortheNobelPrizeinLiteratureforthreetimes.ThethemesofWharton’snovelsarevarious.Sheisespeciallywell-knownfordescribingthesocialcustomsoftheAmericanupperclassandthementalactivitiesofthecharacters.Whartonispraisedastherepresentativeofpsychologicalrealismnovelbycritics,becauseshespecializesinshowingtheinnerworldofthecharacters.
TheAgeofInnocenceisregardedasoneofthemostperfectnovelsofEdithWharton.Theauthorshapesthecharacters,derivingfromherownexperienceandthefamiliarenvironment.Thisworkisdeeplyrootedinthesoilofreality.Intheaspectofcharacterization,Whartonextremelyshowsthecharacters’innerworld,meanwhile,dilutestheirsocialbehavior,whichisdoubtlesslyadevelopmentofrealism.
Insteadofmanyotherliteraryangles,thisthesiswillfocusonthecharacters’spiritualgrowthinTheAgeofInnocenceandanalyzethembythetheoryofFreud’spersonalitystructure.Asthefounderofpsychoanalysis,Freudisfamousforfindingtheunconsciousnessofpeople.ThetheoryofFreud’spersonalitystructureplaysanimportantroleinallofhistheories.Accordingtothistheory,one’spsychologyconsistsofthreeparts:
theid,theegoandthesuper-ego.Throughthedominantroleofthesethreepartsindifferentstages,theprotagonists’innergrowthcanbevividlyshown.Therefore,ananalysisofthecharactersinTheAgeofInnocencewiththetheoryofFreud’spersonalitystructurecanprovidereaderswithanewangletoappreciatethisbook.Besides,mostcommentsonthestudyofTheAgeofInnocencefocusonfeminismandnaturalism.FewstudieshavebeenmadefromtheperspectiveofFreud’spersonalitystructuresofar.Hence,thisthesisselectsNewlandArcherandEllenOlenskainTheAgeofInnocencetoshowthespiritualgrowth.Itwillanalyzefromthefollowingthreeaspects:
theid,theegoandthesuper-ego.Hopefully,thisthesiswillhelpreadersfeelthespiritualgrowthofthecharactersandexperiencethesocialvalueandthevalueoflifeinthisnovel.
2EdithWhartonandTheAgeofInnocence
EdithWhartonisafemalenovelistwhoisfamousforliterarycharmandwideappealintheAmericannovel.AnoverwhelmingmajorityofherworksdescribethelifeofluxuriousAmericanupperclass.TheAgeofInnocenceisgenerallyacknowledgedasoneofhermostsuccessfulworks.Becauseofthisnovel,shewashonoredwiththePulitzerPrizeforLiteraturein1921.Asafemalewriterintheeraofchange,Whartonspecializesindescribingtheinnerworldofcharacters.
2.1EdithWharton
Attheturnofthe20thcentury,Americanrealismroseandbecameprosperous.Duringthisperiod,amultitudeofrealisticnovelistsappearedinAmericanliterature,suchasMarkTwain,HenryJamesandotherexcellentnovelists.EdithWhartonisanimportantfemalewriterinthisperiod.EdmundWilson(1938),anAmericanliterarycritic,hasmentionedthatthenovelsofEdithWhartonarethereflectionsofherpersonallifeandproductsofherpressurefromherimbalancedlife.AccordingtoR.W.B.Lewis(1975),Wharton’sworksarecloselyrelatedtotherealityofAmericansociety.
EdithWhartonwasborninawealthyNewYorkfamilyin1862.Whenshewasachild,shelivedwithherparentsinEurope.ShereturnedtoAmericawhenshewaseleven.Therefore,shewasdeeplyinfluencedbyEuropeanculture.Whartonreceivededucationundertheguidanceofhertutor.Shehadapassionforliteratureinchildhood.In1885,WhartonmarriedEdwardWharton,aBostoniangentleman.Aftermarriage,shestoppedwriting.However,hermarriagewasafailure.SheemigratedtoFrancein1907anddivorcedherhusbandin1913.ThenshesettledinParisandconcentratedonwriting.
EdithWhartonpublishedherfirstcollectionofshortstories,TheGreaterInclination,in1899.Sincethenshehadenteredtheharvestperiodofnovelcreation.In1905,Wharton’sbook,TheHouseofMirth,wasdelivered.ThisbookmadeherbecomearealexcellentAmericannovelist.In1920,hernovelTheAgeofInnocencewaspublishedanditrepresentedthepeakofhernovelcreation.Inthelate1920s,Whartonenteredintothelaterperiodofhercreation.ShepublishedOldNewYork,ABackwardGlanceandotherworksinthisperiod.In1937,shesuccumbedtoillnessinParis.
ManycriticsclassifyWhartonasapsychoanalyticnovelist,likeHenryJameswhopioneersthepsychoanalysisnovels.Wharton’snovelsarenotconfinedtoexploringthedeepthoughtsofthecharacters,butmainlyemphasizetheinfluenceofthesocialmaterialandspiritualstrengthoncharacters’innerworld.
2.2TheAgeofInnocence
TheAgeofInnocenceisregardedasoneofWharton’smostsuccessfulworks.PanJian(2002)insiststhatthisnovelleadstheauthortoreachthepeakofliterature.Theauthorshapesthecharacters,derivingfromherownexperienceandthefamiliarenvironment.Thisworkisdeeplyrootedinthesoilofreality.Intheaspectofcharacterization,Whartonextremelyshowsthecharacters’innerworld,meanwhile,dilutestheirsocialbehavior.
UnderthebackgroundoftheoldNewYorksocietyfromthelate1870stotheearly1880s,thenovelistnarratesalovestoryamongthreecharacters,NewlandArcher,MayWellandandEllenOlenska.Newlandcomesfromanupper-classfamily.Withtheedificationoftraditionalcustoms,heconventionallylivesanuneventfullife.Hisfiancee,May,isalsofromarespectablefamily.Theyareregardedasaperfectcouplebythesociety.However,Newlandisdisgustedwithhisprosaiclife.Therefore,whenEllenwhoisoverflowwiththespiritoffreedomappearsinthehighersocietyofNewYork,heisdeeplyattracted.AndEllenalsoadoreshimforhissincerehelp.Unfortunately,theirlovedestinestobeatragedywhenconfrontingthepowerfulsocialtraditions.
3SigmundFreudandHisPersonalityStructure
SigmundFreudisthefounderofthepsychoanalysisschool.Muckenhoupt(1997)mentions:
Veryfewscientistshavebeenaswidelyinfluential,orascommonlycondemned,asFreud.Freud’stheoriesoflove,language,power,humandevelopment,anddeatharestudiedthroughtheworldandappliedtodisciplinesrangingfrompsychologytoanthropologytoliterarytheory.(p.10)
Freud’stheoryofpersonalitystructurewhichdevelopsfrombipartitepersonalitystructuretotripartitepersonalitystructureisamaincontentofhispsychoanalysis.Thistheorysystematicallyexplainsthespiritualworldofhumanbeings.
3.1SigmundFreud
SigmundFreud(1856~1939)isanJewish-Austrianpsychologistandpsychiatrist.HestudiedattheuniversityofViennamedicalschool.Andhereceivedadoctor’sdegreeinMedicinein1881.Intheearlyperiod,Freudworkedinthehypnosistherapy.Then,hefoundedthepsychoanalysis.In1936,hewaselectedtobetheroyalsocietymemberofcommunications.Twoyearslater,heescapedtoBritainbecause
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