华中科技大学博士入学英语试题及参考答案文档格式.docx
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华中科技大学博士入学英语试题及参考答案文档格式.docx
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stuff."
Oncethey'
vegatheredenoughstuff,theyhavetofindplacestostoreallofit.IfCarlinweretoupdatethatroutinetoday,hecouldmakethesameobservationaboutcomputerinformation.Itseemsthateveryonewithacomputerspendsalotoftimeacquiringdataandthentryingtofindawaytostoreit.
Forsomecomputerowners,findingenoughstoragespacetoholdallthedatathey'
veacquiredisarealchallenge.Somepeopleinvestinlargerharddrives.Otherspreferexternalstoragedeviceslikethumbdrivesorcompactdiscs.Desperatecomputerownersmightdeleteentirefoldersworthofoldfilesinordertomakespacefornewinformation.Butsomearechoosingtorelyonagrowingtrend:
cloudstorage.
Whilecloudstoragesoundslikeithassomethingtodowithweatherfrontsandstormsystems,itreallyreferstosavingdatatoanoff-sitestoragesystemmaintainedbyathirdparty.Insteadofstoringinformationtoyourcomputer'
sharddriveorotherlocalstoragedevice,yousaveittoaremotedatabase.TheInternetprovidestheconnectionbetweenyourcomputerandthedatabase.
Onthesurface,cloudstoragehasseveraladvantagesovertraditionaldatastorage.Forexample,ifyoustoreyourdataonacloudstoragesystem,you'
llbeabletogettothatdatafromanylocationthathasInternetaccess.Youwouldn'
tneedtocarryaroundaphysicalstoragedeviceorusethesamecomputertosaveandretrieveyourinformation.Withtherightstoragesystem,youcouldevenallowotherpeopletoaccessthedata,turningapersonalprojectintoacollaborativeeffort.&
Socloudstorageisconvenientandoffersmoreflexibility,buthowdoesitwork?
Findoutinthenextsection.
Therearehundredsofdifferentcloudstoragesystems.Somehaveaveryspecificfocus,suchasstoringWebe-mailmessagesordigitalpictures.Othersareavailabletostoreallformsofdigitaldata.Somecloudstoragesystemsaresmalloperations,whileothersaresolargethatthephysicalequipmentcanfillupanentirewarehouse.Thefacilitiesthathousecloudstoragesystemsarecalleddatacenters.
Atitsmostbasiclevel,acloudstoragesystemneedsjustonedataserverconnectedtotheInternet.Aclient(e.g.,acomputerusersubscribingtoacloudstorageservice)sendscopiesoffilesovertheInternettothedataserver,whichthenrecordstheinformation.Whentheclientwishestoretrievetheinformation,heorsheaccessesthedataserverthroughaWeb-basedinterface.Theservertheneithersendsthefilesbacktotheclientorallowstheclienttoaccessandmanipulatethefilesontheserveritself.
Cloudstoragesystemsgenerally&
relyonhundredsofdataservers.Becausecomputersoccasionallyrequiremaintenanceorrepair,it'
simportanttostorethesameinformationonmultiplemachines.Thisiscalledredundancy.Withoutredundancy,acloudstoragesystemcouldn'
tensureclientsthattheycouldaccesstheirinformationatanygiventime.Mostsystemsstorethesamedataonserversthatusedifferentpowersupplies.Thatway,clientscanaccesstheirdataevenifonepowersupplyfails.
Notallcloudstorageclientsareworriedaboutrunningoutofstoragespace.Theyusecloudstorageasawaytocreatebackupsofdata.Ifsomethinghappenstotheclient'
scomputersystem,thedatasurvivesoff-site.It'
sadigital-agevariationof"
don'
tputallyoureggsinonebasket."
Passage1
Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities-aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparentagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.
Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980'
sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemostaresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany'
seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.
AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;
clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts(aperson,group,orthingusedtomasktheidentityortruecharacteroractivityoftheactualcontrollingagent)”withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.
Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecoming-andremaining-dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompetitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:
whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.
1.Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto
[A]presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies.
[B]describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks.
[C]proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem.
[D]analyzeafrequentsourceofdisagreement.
2.Thetextsuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcausesitto
[A]experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm.
[B] facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.
[C]havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment.
[D]increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractors.
3.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcorporateresponsetoworkingwithminoritysubcontractors?
[A]Annoyedbytheproliferationof“front”organizations,corporationsarelikelytoreducetheireffortstoworkwithminority-ownedsubcontractorsinthenearfuture.
[B] Althoughcorporationsshowedconsiderableinterestinworkingwithminoritybusinessesinthe1970’s,theiraversiontogovernmentpaperworkmadethemreluctanttopursuemanygovernmentcontracts.
[C]Thesignificantresponseofcorporationsinthe1970’sislikelytobesustainedandconceivablybeincreasedthroughoutthe1980’s.
[D]Althoughcorporationsareeagertocooperatewithminority-ownedbusinesses,ashortageofcapitalinthe1970’smadesubstantialresponseimpossible
4Accordingtothetext,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhattheyhave
[A]beenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentmismanagementoftheeconomy.
[B]beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitors.
[C]nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporations.
[D]notbeenabletoadvertiseinthosemediathatreachlargenumbersofpotentialcustomers.
5Theauthorimpliesthataminority-ownedconcernthatdoesthegreaterpartofitsbusinesswithonelargecorporatecustomershould
[A]avoidcompetitionwithlarger,moreestablishedconcernsbynotexpanding.
【B】concentratingonsecuringevenmorebusinessfromthatcorporation.
[C]useitsinfluencewiththecorporationtopromotesubcontractingwithotherminorityconcerns.
[D]trytoexpanditscustomerbasestoavoidbecomingdependentonthecorporation.
Passage2
Yearsofresearchhadeducatedmeabouthowsugar,fat,andsaltchangethebrain.Iunderstoodsomeoftheparallelsbetweenhyperpalatablefoodsanddrugsofabuse,andaboutthelinksamongsensorystimulation,cues,andmemory.I'
dmetenoughpeoplelikeClaudiaandMariatounderstandhoweventhethoughtoffoodcouldcausethemtolosecontrol.
ButIwasn'
tfullypreparedforthediscoveriesImadeaboutirresistibilityandwhoosh,theMonsterThickburgerandBaked!
CheetosFlamin'
Hot,aboutindulgenceandpurplecows.Withoutnecessarilyunderstandingtheunderlyingscience,thefoodindustryh
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