windows存储子系统性能分析Word下载.docx

windows存储子系统性能分析Word下载.docx

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Introduction3

DefinitionsandTerminology4

ApplicationCharacteristicsandConsiderations6

SimpleWorkloadCharacteristicConsiderations7

DataLayoutandRedundancyConsiderations8

JBOD8

DiskArrayTrade-offs9

Striping（RAID-0,RAID-0+1,RAID-5）9

RedundancythroughReplication（RAID-1,RAID-0+1）10

RedundancythroughRotatedParity（RAID 

5）11

StripeUnitSizeConsiderations13

ProjectingThroughputRequirements16

Windows-relatedCharacteristicsandConsiderations16

FileSystems17

FileSystemAllocationSize17

FileExtension17

FileDirectoriesandFileNames17

Miscellaneoussuggestions18

StorageStackDrivers18

VolumeManager（Ftdisk,Dmio）18

SCSIportandStorport18

NumberOfRequests18

BypassingProcessI/OCounts18

Flush-Cache,Write-Through,andWriteCacheEnable19

FlushFileBuffers（）andIRP_MJ_FLUSH_BUFFERS19

FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGHandForceUnitAccess19

EnablingWriteCachingonDisks20

Power-ProtectedMode20

Hardware,Firmware,andMiniportDriverCharacteristicsandConsiderations20

TornWritesfromaDiskArrayPerspective20

SCSIvs.IDE21

PCIandPCI-XBuses21

CompetitionforPCIResources22

BlackBoxEffects22

ToolsforStoragePerformanceAnalysis23

Perfmon—WindowsPerformanceMonitor23

LogicalDiskandPhysicalDiskCounters23

ProcessorCounters24

Exctrlst—ExtensiblePerformanceCounterList25

KernrateandKernrateViewer25

RescanUtility25

ChkdskUtility25

DiskparSampleProgram（forharddiskswith32-bitWindows）25

RulesofThumb26

StripeUnitSize26

MirroringVersusRAID-527

ResponseTimes27

QueueLengths28

NumberofSpindlesperArray29

FilesperDirectory29

SummaryandFutureWork30

References30

Disclaimer

Thisisapreliminarydocumentandmaybechangedsubstantiallypriortofinalcommercialreleaseofthesoftwaredescribedherein.

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Introduction

Analyzingstoragesubsystemperformanceisanart,notascience.Everyrulehasanexception;

everysystemdesignerorsystemadministratorhasadifferentcombinationofhardwareconfigurationsandsoftwareworkloadstoaccommodate.Tofullyunderstandthebehaviorofstoragesubsystems,onemustunderstandeverycomponentalongthepath,fromtheuserapplicationstothefilesystemstothestoragedriverstacktotheadapters,controllers,buses,caches,andharddisks.Fewpeoplehavethetimeandresourcestoaccomplishthisheroictask,sooneisleftwithrulesofthumbandgeneralguidelinesthatinevitablyneedtweakingtomaximizestorageperformanceonanygivensystem.

Decisionsabouthowtodesignorconfigurestoragesoftwareandhardwarealmostalwaystakeperformanceintoaccount.Performanceisalwayssacrificedorenhancedastheresultoftrade-offswithotherfactorssuchascost,reliability,availability,oreaseofuse.Trade-offsaremadeallalongthewaybetweenapplicationanddiskmedia.Applicationcallsaretranslatedbyfilecachemanagement,filesystemarchitecture,andvolumemanagementintoindividualstorageaccessrequests.Theserequeststraversethestoragedriverstackandgeneratestreamsofcommandspresentedtothediskstoragesubsystem.Thesequenceandquantityofcallsaswellasthesubsequenttranslationcanenhanceordegradeperformance.

ThelayereddrivermodelinWindowssacrificesabitofperformanceformaintainabilityandeaseofuse（intermsofincorporatingdriversofvaryingtypesintothestack）.I/Ohardwarepathsvarywidelyintermsofwidth,speed,fan-out,complexity,space,power,andsoon.Storageperipheralsrangefromsingle-spindleharddiskstomassive,power-protected,data-redundantcabinetsfullofharddisksholdingterabytesofdataandgigabytesofcache.Everystepalongthesoftwareandhardwarepathinvolvestrade-offsindesignandconfiguration.

Perhapsthemostdifficultpartofdiskstorageanalysisisthetendencyofeachcomponenttodisguisethetruenatureofwhatliesbehindit.Theobviousexampleofthisisahardwarearraycontrollerthatpresentstotheoperatingsystemtheillusionofanumberofsingle-spindle“disks”wheninfactoneormoreofthedisksmightbebackedbymultipleorevensharedharddisksthatmightnothaveredundancybuiltintotheirconfiguration.

ThispaperprovidessomeinsightintotheperformanceofstoragesubsystemsusedbycomputersystemsrunningWindows.Itexaminesperformancefrombothhardwareandsoftwareperspectives.Toolsandrulesofthumbarediscussedandguidelinesaresuggestedtohelpsystemdesignersandsystemadministratorsbettersolvetheperformancebottlenecksinspecificconfigurations.

Thispaperaddressesthefollowingtopics:

DefinitionsandTerminology

ApplicationCharacteristicsandConsiderations

Windows-relatedCharacteristicsandConsiderations

Hardware,Firmware,andMiniportDriverCharacteristicsandConsiderations

ToolsforStoragePerformanceAnalysis

RulesofThumb

SummaryandFutureWork

References

Thissectionprovidesdefinitionsoftermsasusedinthispaper.

Disk-relatedTerms

Spindle

Generallyusedtoindicateasinglesetofrotatingplatterswithagangedactuator—thatis,whattheaveragepersonthinksofwhenhearingthewords“harddisk.”Althoughthismaynotbeafamiliarterm,ithastheadvantageofbeingunsulliedbyanyassociationwithvolumes,partitions,andsoon.Tobetechnicallyaccurate,thespindleisreallyjustthecentralpostthatspinsthemediaplattersattachedtoit.

Disk（genericterm）

Usedtoindicateanentitythatappearstobeasinglespindle（atsomespecificlevelofthepath）,butcouldinfactbesomethingentirelydifferent（suchasadiskarray）.

Physicaldisk

UsedasinthePerfmoncountersetwiththesamename.Hardwarestoragecontrollers（forexample,SCSIcontrollersonaPCIbus,on-boardarraycontrollers,arraycontrollersoffsomeFibreChannelfabric,orasimpleIDEcontrolleronaSouthBridgechip）presenttheoperatingsystemwithwhatappearstobeasetofindividualspindles.Eachsuchphysicaldiskcanbedividedbythepartitionmanager（Partmgr.sys）intopartitionsthatarethenpresentedtothevolumemanager.

Logicaldisk

UsedasinthePerfmoncountersetwiththesamename.Oneormorepartitionsarepresentedtoafilesystembyavolumemanager（forexample,Ftdisk.sysorDmio.sys）asasinglelogicaldisk,orvolume.InthecaseofrawI/O,thedisksectorsaremanagedbytheapplicationdirectly,ratherthanusingaformalfilesystem.Forexample,MicrosoftSQLServer™canbeconfiguredtoachieveaperformanceboostbytakingonthismanagementactivityandusingtherawfilesystem,whichhasashortercodepaththananormalfilesystem.

Ifmultiplepartitionsarecombinedinasinglelogicaldisk,thenvariousdiskarraytechniquescanbeusedtomaketrade-offsbetweenperformance,reliability,availability,andcapacity/cost.Suchanarrayistermedasoftware-managedarray,becausetheoperatingsystemhasknowledgeoftheindividualarraycomponentsandisinchargeofhandlinganyspecialoperations,suchasread-modify-writeo