美国总统就职演讲的批评性话语分析毕业作品Word文档格式.docx
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美国总统就职演讲的批评性话语分析毕业作品Word文档格式.docx
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摘要
批评性话语分析是自上世纪七十年代末八十年代初由以RogerFowler和GuntherKress等为代表的西方语言学家发展起来的话语分析方法。
批评语言学的方法论主要建立在系统功能语言学上。
它特别强调对语篇生成、传播和接受的生活语境和社会历史背景的考察,并把注意力主要放在发现和分析语篇中那些人们习以为常而往往视而不见的思想观念,以便人们对它们进行重新审视。
美国总统就职演说是总统就职典礼的重要组成部分。
历届总统的就职演说就是一部美国历史的缩影。
它不仅代表了总统本人,更加代表了总统所在的政党和国家,所以具有强烈的国家权力意识(powerwill),而且还处处透露出其主要的意识形态。
本文通过对肯尼迪和奥巴马总统的就职演说稿的批评性分析,揭示出美国政府及其社会存在的权利意识形态。
关键词:
批评性话语分析;
意识形态;
系统功能语言学;
就职演说
Abstract
CriticalDiscourseAnalysis(CDA)wasdevelopedbyRogerFowlerandGuntherKressinthelate1970sandearly1980s.Systemic-functionallinguisticsisthemajormethodologicalresourceofcriticallinguisticswhichseesdiscourseasasocialpracticeandhencepaysspecialattentiontothestudyofthesocialandideologicalfactorsinitsproduction,distributionandinterpretation.Theaimofanalysisismainlytoidentifyandanalysethoseideologicalassumptionshiddeninatextthathavelargelybeentakenforgrantedandbringthemtothesurfaceforreinspection.TheinauguraladdressesofUSPresidentsplayasignificantpartininaugurationceremony.TheyaretheepitomeofUShistory.TheyarenottherepresentativeofthePresidentsthemselvesalone,butalsooftheirpartiesandtheircountry.Inpossessionofastrongnationalpowerwill,thespeakerdiscloseshismajorideologieseverywhereintheaddress.ThisresearchshowsthepowerideologyoftheAmericangovernmentandsocietybyanalyzingPresidentKennedy’sandObama’sinauguraladdresses.
Keywords:
CriticalDiscourseAnalysis;
ideology;
systemic-functionallinguistics;
inauguraladdresses
Contents
1.Introduction
1.1Backgroundofthestudy
An‘‘inauguraladdress’’isthepresidentialspeechgivenatinaugurationceremonywhichaimstomaintainsocialstabilityandgovernments’smoothfunctioning,togettheaudiencetoacceptthedominantideologicalrepresentationsandtoidentifywithhim/her.ThiskindofspeechisAmericanoriented,strategyorientedandspiritoriented.Differentfrommanyotherformsofpoliticaldiscourses,inauguraladdressisproducedtoreflectthefundamentalpoliticalvaluesandembodyideologiesofthepresident’spartyandcountry.Therefore,itisinevitablyladenwithastrongopinionofnationalpowerandtheunderlyingideologies.Inauguraladdressesaredeliveredtovoicethecountry’sdiplomaticstrategies,governmentalstandsandpoliticalattitudes.Insuchspeech,thepresidentisrequiredtoimpressthepublicthroughcarefullyweighinghiswordsandpolishinghisaddress,topropagatethedominantsociety-constructedideologicalassumptionsandrepresentations,andtomotivateorencouragethepublic.Throughsuchapowerfulweapon,thepresidentcanbettertouchtherightchordoftheaudienceandfullyachievehispoliticalintentions.Also,theaudiencecanbeunconsciouslymovedorpersuaded,andthenacceptwhathe/shesaid.
Presidentialinauguraladdressescanbestudiedfrommanyperspectives.Traditionaldiscoursestudiesareconductedfromtheperspectiveoftopic,lexicalstyleandrhetoricalfeatures,whichseemstoberathersuperficial.Sincepoliticaldiscoursecanonlybeadequatelydescribedandanalyzedwhenwetakethecontextualenvironmentintoconsiderationandspelloutthesocialinterfacethatrelatesittothesociallysharedpoliticalrepresentationsthatcontrolpoliticalactions,processesandsystems,thisthesiswillconductasystematicandcomprehensiveinauguraladdressstudywiththeconsiderationoftextualandsocialanalysisinordertoexposetheconcealedideologyandpowerinthespeechanddeepenourunderstandingofthespeech.
Theword‘‘critical’’originatesfromGreekword“critic”.Itmeans“understandingthedialecticalrelationshipbetweenlanguageandideologyhiddeninthediscourse”.SincethepublicationofLanguageandControl(R.Fowler,GKress,Trew,1979),criticaldiscourseanalysishasbeenakeytermforthelinguists.AccordingtoVanDijk,CriticalDiscourseAnalysisisatypeofdiscourseanalyticalresearchthatprimarilystudiesthewaysocialpowerabuse,dominance,andinequalityareenacted,reproduced,andresistedbytextandtalkinthesocialandpoliticalcontext.Withsuchdissidentresearch,criticaldiscourseanalyststakeexplicitposition,andthuswanttounderstand,expose,andultimatelyresistsocialinequality.
1.2Mainpurposeofthispaper
Firstly,theaimofthestudyistodetermineifthereisapracticalmethodthatcanbeusedtorevealtheideologyconcealedinapoliticalspeechandtopointoutpoliticians’manipulationoflinguistictoolstoaccomplishtheirpurposes.Whentalkingaboutpoliticalspeeches,peopleusuallypaymoreattentiontothe“excellentspeechskills”,butnottotheaimsandmethodsbehindthem.
Thenweallknowthatwhenpeoplereadorhearsomething,theyjustpassivelyacceptedtheproducer’sideasorbeliefswithoutrethinkingaboutthem.Questionssuchas“Isitreallytrue?
’’and“Whydidhe/sheexpressthatkindofview?
”werehardlynoticedbythem.Thusthethesisalsointendstoraiseandfosterpeople’scriticalawareness,helpthemcultivatetheirsensitivitytothecontrollingpowerofthediscourseoverthemanddeveloptheircriticalreadingability.
Thirdly,thecriticaldiscourseanalysisofthespeechdiscoursesisfundamentallybasedontheSystemic-functionalGrammar,attheheartofwhichistheviewthatlanguageisasocialprocess.Theanalysisfocusesontheinternalfeaturesandexternal
effectsofthediscourse.Thiscriticalviewpointofthediscourseiscomprehensiveand
objective.Itbringsefficientmethodstostudytherelationshipamonglanguage,ideologyandpower.Thisnewpointofviewofanalyzingthepoliticspeecheswillenableustoputourtheoreticalknowledgeintopractice.
Finally,inauguraladdressesareasignificantpartoftheinaugurationceremony,establishingthekeynoteoftheceremonyanddrawingbacktheprologueofthegovernorshipofthenewadministration.Theyarethemostrealistic,comprehensiveandspecificrecordingsofhistory,shapinganepitomeofthedevelopmentofUnitedSates.Theyprovideuswithastandandperspectivetoknowaboutthepast,thepresentandthefutureoftheUnitedSates.Obviously,thisnewperspectiveistheimportantvaluefortheunderstandingoftheUnitedStates.
2.AboutCDAandIdeology
2.1AbriefreviewofCriticalDiscourseAnalysis
AccordingtoFairclough(1992:
12-13),discourseanalysisapproachescanbedividedintotwotypes:
non-criticalandcriticalapproaches.Non-criticalapproachesmainlyconcentrateonpuredescriptionandanalysisofgrammaticalrules,textualrules,rhetoricalrulesaswellascoherenceandcohesionofdiscourse.Withoutconsideringsocialandhistoricalcontext,theseapproachestendtobesuperficialandhavetheirlimitationstosomeextent.WhilethecriticalapproachtodiscourseanalysismainlyreferstoCriticalDiscourseAnalysis(CDAforshort).
CDAistheachievementsoftheBritishandAustralianpioneersofcriticallinguistics,especiallyFowler,Kress,VanDijkandFairclough.Thistermwasfirstputforwardin1979inthebookentitledLanguageandControlbyRogerFowler,GuntherKress,andRobertHodge,andoneofthemethodsofdiscourseanalysis.CriticalDiscourseAnalysistakesthestudyoflanguageasastartingpointfortheirresearch,andmainlyfocusedonthecriticalstudyofpublicornon-literarydiscourses.Itisasociallydirectedapplicationoflinguisticanalysis,andmainlyadoptsSystemic-functionalGrammardevelopedbyM.A.K.Hallidayastheoreticalbasistoanalyzepoliticaldiscourseinordertoexploretheideologyandpowerimbeddedintherepresentations.RuthWodakdefinesCDAas“aninterdisciplinaryapproachtolanguagestudywithacriticalpointofview’’forthepurposeofstudying‘‘languagebehaviorinnaturalspeechsituationsofsocialrelevance”.
SummarizingtheworkinCDA,Kressexplainsthatunlikediscourseanalysisortextlinguisticswiththeirdescriptivegoals,CDAhas“thelargerpoliticalaimofputtingtheformsoftexts,theprocessesofproductionoftexts,andtheprocessofreading,togetherwiththestructuresofpowerthathavegivenrisetothem,intocrisis”(Kress,1990:
85).Accordingtohim,CDAhasnowbecomeanareaofstudywithavarietyofapproachesineachofanumberofdisciplines,whichaimsto“provideabetterunderstandingofsocio-culturalaspectsoftextsandaccountsoftheproductionofinternalstructure,andoverallorganizationoftexts”,aswellas“toprovideacriticaldimensioninitstheoreticalanddescriptiveaccountsoftext”(Kress,1990).
Generallyspeaking,themainaimofCDAistoexplorethedialecticalconnectionsbetweendiscoursepractices,socialpractices,andsocialstructures,connectionsthatmightbeopaquetothelayperson.AsWodakproposesthatcriticalanalysisshouldnotremaindescriptiveandneutral(Wodak,1989),theinterestsguidingsuchananalysisareaimedatuncoveringinjusticeandinequality,takingsideswiththepowerlessandsuppressed.
TounderstandCDA,twotermsneedtobeexplained.Oneistheword“critical”.AccordingtoXinBin(2000:
14),“critical”inCDAfirstlymeansthatthiskindofdiscourseanalysisistofindtherelationshipsbetweenideas,whichareimpliedinthewords,andtheirsocialconditionsinwhichtheideasexist.Secondly,itmeansthatCDAistoexposecertainconnectionsbetweenlanguage,powerandideology,whichpeopleareunconsciousof.
2.2TheprinciplesofCDA
TheprinciplesofCDAoutlinedbytherepresentatives(Fairclough,1995;
Kress,1991;
Hodge&
Kress,1993;
VanDijk,1998a;
Wodak,1996)canbesummarizedasfollows:
1.Languageisasocialpracticethroughwhichtheworldisrepresented.
2.Discourse/languageuseasaformofsocialprac
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