简单句的六种基本结构.docx
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简单句的六种基本结构.docx
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简单句的六种基本结构
简单句的六种基本结构
⏹主语+不及物动词
⏹主语+系动词+表语
⏹主语+及物动词+宾语
⏹主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
⏹主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
⏹Therebe+主语句型
例如
•Thisknifecutswell.
•Sheseemsquitesatisfied.
•Haveyoufixedmywatchyet?
•Heowedme50yuan.
•XiaoLiishelpingmemendmybicycle.
•Therestandsanoldtowerintheeastofthetown.
翻译下列句子
⏹高考前同学们常常学习到深夜.
⏹我等你等了很久了.
⏹玻璃很容易碎.
⏹她听了这消息好象很平静.
⏹他太累了,刚躺下就睡着了.
⏹这家工厂没周生产一千辆小汽车.
⏹请你把那本书递给我好吗?
⏹我去找个人来帮你修理电脑.
⏹我们感到我们的心在激烈的跳动.
⏹有很多中国学生在国外留学.
Keys
⏹Studentsoftenworkdeepintonightbeforetheentranceexam.
⏹Ihavebeenwaitingforyouforalongtime.
⏹Glassbreakseasily.
⏹Sheappearedquitecalmatthenews.
⏹Hewassotiredthathefellasleepthemomenthewenttobed.
Keys
⏹Thisfactoryproduces1,000carsaweek.
⏹Willyoupleasepassmethebook?
⏹I’llgetsomeonetorepairthecomputer.
⏹Wecouldfeelourheartsbeatingfast.
⏹TherearemanyChinesestudentsstudyingabroad.
简单句的种类
⏹根据使用目的,句子可分为:
⏹陈述句
⏹疑问句
⏹祁使句
⏹感叹句
陈述句
要特别注意陈述句的否定结构
1.否定转移:
主句谓语动词是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,imagine等表“认为,猜想”的动词时,宾语从句的否定习惯上前移到主句谓语上.
eg.Idon’tthinkIknowyou.
Shedoesn’tbelieveyouarewrong.
注意:
hope不在此列.
误:
Idon’thopeitwillrain.
正:
Ihopeitwon’train.
not…until的句型
非强调句型:
Idon’tknowhisnameuntilyesterday.
强调句型:
ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIknewhisname.
倒装句:
NotuntilyesterdaydidIknowhisname.
有时对状语的否定也移到谓语上.
翻译:
我今天觉得不舒服.
误:
I’mfeelingnotwelltoday.
正:
I’mnotfeelingwelltoday.
2.含有否定意义的副词
句中含有never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely时,应视为否定句.
Icouldhardlyseeanything.
Herarelycomestoseeme.
有些句子在结构上属于肯定式,但含有否定意义的词
⏹NoneofushasbeentoBeijing.(否定的主语)
⏹Isawnothinginthedarkness.(否定的宾语)
⏹Hebeggedtheteachernottopunishhim.(否定的宾补)
⏹Wecouldfindhernowhere.(否定的状语)
3.部分否定
⏹all,both,either,every,everybody,everyday,everywhere,always与not连用时,表示部分否定.
⏹表示全部否定要用no,neither,none,nobody,nothing,never,nowhere等词.
肯定:
Alltheantsgooutforfood.
⏹部分否定:
Notalltheantsgooutforfood.或:
Alltheantsdon’tgooutforfood.
⏹全部否定:
Noneoftheantsgooutforfood.或:
Notanyoftheantsgooutforfood.
4.双重否定
without与not,noone,nobody,never,cannot等否定词连用,意为‘无(没有)…不’,‘每…必’.
Noonecanseethefilmwithoutbeingmovedtotears.人们看了这部电影无不为之感动得流泪.
Theynevermeetwithoutquarrelling.他们每次见面必要吵架.
其他双重否定结构
Heisnotunfitforhisjob.他不是不称职.
ThereisnobobyherewhoisnotaLeaguemember.这里人人都是团员.
Onecan’tlearnaforeignlanguageunlesshestudieshard.除非用功,否则学不好外语.
Hecouldn’thelplaughing.他禁不住大笑起来.
5.强调肯定意义的否定结构
⏹这些结构有cannot…too(over,enough,more)
⏹Youcannotbetoocareful.或Youcannotbeovercareful.Youcannotbecarefulenough.
⏹Wecannotpraisehimtoomuch.
⏹---Howareyoutoday?
---Couldn’tbebetter.
⏹Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.
6.具有否定意义的肯定结构
⏹Heistooyoungtogotoschool.
⏹Theproblemisfarfrombeingsettled.
⏹ItisthelastthingIwanttodo.
⏹Suchaproblemisbeyond(above)me.
⏹Ifailedtounderstandthemeaningofthesentence.
⏹IthasbeentwomonthssinceIsmoked.
疑问句
⏹一般疑问句
⏹特殊疑问句
⏹选择疑问句
⏹反意疑问句
特殊的反意疑问句结构
1.Onecan’tbetoosure,__________?
2.Tomseldomgoestothecinema,_______?
3.Themanisunfitforhisjob,__________?
4.Everyoneknowsme,____________?
5.Noonewashurtintheaccident,_________?
6.Idon’tthinkhecanspeakJapanese,_________?
7.Youdon’tbelieveshewillcome,___________?
8.Whatyouneedismorepractice,___________?
1.Onecan’tbetoosure,canone/he?
2.Tomseldomgoestothecinema,doeshe?
3.Themanisunfitforhisjob,isn’the?
4.Everyoneknowsme,doesn’the/don’tthey?
5.Noonewashurtintheaccident,werethey?
6.Idon’tthinkhecanspeakJapanese,canhe?
7.Youdon’tbelieveshewillcome,doyou?
8.Whatyouneedismorepractice,isn’tit?
9.Youneedn’tdothatwhenyourmotherishere,__________?
10.Heisadoctorbuthiswifeisateacher,___________?
11.Pleaseopenthewindow,___________?
12.Let’stoforawalk,___________?
13.Letusknowifyoucangowithus,_________?
14.Letmehaveanothertry,__________?
15.Letmehelpyou,_____________?
16.Iwishtogohome,___________?
9.Youneedn’tdothatwhenyourmotherishere,needyou?
10.Heisadoctorbuthiswifeisateacher,isn’tshe?
11.Pleaseopenthewindow,will/wouldyou?
12.Let’sgoforawalk,shallwe?
13.Letusknowifyoucangowithus,willyou?
14.Letmehaveanothertry,willyou?
15.Letmehelpyou,mayI?
16.Iwishtogohome,mayI?
17.Yourfathermustbeadoctor,_______?
18.Youmustgohomerightnow,______?
19.Youmustn’tsmokehere,_________?
20.Youmusthavemetheryesterday,_______?
21.Youmusthaveseenthefilmmanytimes,____________?
陈述部分用SO开头,附加部分采用“同向”疑问.
⏹Soyouaregettingmarried,areyou?
⏹Soyoudon’tlikemycooking,don’tyou?
⏹口语对话中,当某人的话表示讥讽或怀疑时,往往简略重复对方的话后再加上简短问句.
①---Tomtoldmehesawabearlastnight.
---Hedid,didhe?
②---Youmustn’tlistentohisstory.
---Oh,Imustn’t,mustn’tI?
祁使句
⏹含主语的祁使句
Yougetout!
Everybodystandup!
条件祁使句
Useyourhead,and(then)you’llfindaway.
→Ifyouuseyourhead,you’llfindaway.
Tryagain,oryou’llfail.
→Ifyoudon’ttryagain,you’llfail.
或You’llfailunlessyoutryagain.
并列句
⏹表示增补关系的并列连词:
and,both…and,neither…nor,not…nor,notonly…butalso,aswellas等.
⏹表选择关系的并列连词:
or,orelse,otherwise,either…or,whether…or.
⏹表转折关系:
but,while
⏹表因果关系:
for,so
⏹有些副词如besides,moreover,therefore,however,nevertheless,consequently,furthermore等也可以起到并列连词的作用.
while也可表示转折,但与but不同的是,主要强调上下文的一种对比关系.
Theyweresurprisedthatachildshouldworkouttheproblemwhiletheythemselvescouldn’t.
when作为并列连词意为“这时”,位于第一分句后,此时不能用while或as代替.
IwasjustabouttoliedowntorestwhenIsawasnakeinthegrass.
并列连词不能与从属连词混合使用
误:
Althoughhewassick,buthewentonworking.
正:
Althoughhewassick,hewentonworking.
Hewassick,buthewentonworking.
Hewassick,andyethewentonworking.
Althoughhewassick,yethewentonworking.
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(NounClauses)。
名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:
that,whether,if(不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:
what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.
连接副词:
when,where,how,why
不可省略的连词:
1.介词后的连词
2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.
Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.
whether与if均为“是否”的意思。
但在下列情况下,whether不能被if所取代:
1.whether引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether,不用if,如:
Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem.
Whetherhewillcome,Iamnotsure.
2.引导表语从句用whether,不用if,如:
Thequestioniswhetheryoushouldacceptit.
3.whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if则不能,如:
I’mnotinterestedinwhetherthey’llgoornot.
Itdependsonwhetherwehavegotenoughmoney.
4.whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if则不能,如:
Ididn’tknowwhethertolaughortocry.
Shehasn’tdecidedwhethertogoornot.
5.引导同位语从句用whether,不用if,如:
Thequestionwhetherhe’llattendthemeetingisessential.
★大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可置于句末,用it充当形式主语。
Itisnotimportantwhowillgo.
二、名词性that-从句
1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。
that只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。
名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如
主语:
Thatheisstillaliveissheerluck.
宾语:
JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday.
表语:
Thefactisthathehasnotbeenseenrecently.
同位语:
Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.
形容词宾语:
Iamgladthatyouaresatisfiedwithyourjob.
2)that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:
Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.
It'sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a.It+be+形容词+that-从句
Itisnecessarythat… 有必要……
Itisimportantthat… 重要的是……
Itisobviousthat… 很明显……
b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句
Itisbelievedthat… 人们相信……
Itisknowntoallthat… 从所周知……
Ithasbeendecidedthat… 已决定……
c.It+be+名词+that-从句
Itiscommonknowledgethat… ……是常识
Itisasurprisethat… 令人惊奇的是……
Itisafactthat… 事实是……
d.It+不及物动词+that-分句
Itappearsthat… 似乎……
Ithappensthat… 碰巧……
Itoccurredtomethat… 我突然想起……
三、名词性wh-从句
1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。
wh-词包括who,whom,whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。
wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
主语:
Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.
直接宾语:
Inone'sownhomeonecandowhatonelikes.
间接宾语:
Theclubwillgivewhoeverwinsaprize.
表语:
Myquestioniswhowilltakeoverthepresident.
宾语补足语:
Shewillnamehimwhatevershewantsto.
同位语:
Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.
形容词宾语:
I'mnotsurewhysherefusedtheirinvitation.
介词宾语:
Thatdependsonwhereweshallgo.
2)wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
Itisnotyetdecidedwhowilldothatjob.
四、if,whether引导的名词从句
1)yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if,whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同,例如:
主语:
Whethertheplanisfeasibleremainstobeproved.
宾语:
Letusknowwhether/ifyoucanfinishthearticlebeforeFriday.
表语:
Thepointiswhetherweshouldlendhimthemoney.
同位语:
Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.
形容词宾语:
She'sdoubtfulwhetherweshallbeabletocome.
介词宾语:
Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpasstheexams.
2)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…ornot构成,如:
Pleasetellmewhether/iftheyareSwedishorDanish.
Idon'tcarewhetheryouliketheplanornot.
五、否定转移
1)将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
Idon'tthinkIkn
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