英语构词法归纳总结原创.docx
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英语构词法归纳总结原创.docx
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英语构词法归纳总结原创
英语构词法
英语主要有三种构词法:
转化、派生和合成,下面简要介绍一下这三种构词法。
1、转化构词法:
1有大量的动词可以转化为名词,有时意思没有太大的变化:
Letmehaveatry.我来试一试。
Westoppedthereforaswim.
Hewentoffataruntoconsultadoctor.
Thisisforwinterwear.Don’tmakeittootight.
Ilikeaquietreadaftersupper。
Thiswasagreatsurprise(strike,shock)tomybrother.
Havealook(chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,smoke,lie,read,run,dream,fight,walk,ride,drink,laugh,dance,bathe,wish,win,fear,love,debate,dispute,interview,taste,etc)
Makeastudy(guess,visit,call,survey,jump,slip,change,search,stay,smart,answer,reply,remark,fight,arrest,appeal,purchase,sacrifice,demand,show,deal,attempt,attack,advance,etc)
Cometoastop(end,pause)
有时意思有一定的变化:
Hewasaboutthesamebuildashisbrother.他的体形和他哥哥差不多。
Lastyear’scatchwasfourtimesthatof1986.去年的捕鱼量为1986年的四倍。
Thiswasadecisivemove.这是一个决定性的步骤。
Theycanbeusedasastockfeed.它们可以作为牲口饲料。
Womenhaveaequalsayineverything.妇女在各方面都有同样的发言权。
Hewontwogames;theothertwoweredraws.他赢了两局,另外两局打平了。
2也有相当多的名词可以当动词用。
许多表示物件的名词可以用做动词来表示动作。
Haveyoubookedyourticket?
Whochairedthemeeting?
Hepinnedgreathopesonus.
Itcanseatathousandpeople.
Wehavemappedoutplansfortheirutilization.
ItpicturesthelifeofoverseasChinesestudents.
Hehurriedlypenciledthetimeonit.
Bynoonhehadbaggedthreehares.
Themachinebottles15000jarsofcoldcreamaday.
Themoneywasallpocketedbycorruptofficials.
Hehammeredanailintothewall.
有些表示身体部位的名词也可以用来做动词。
Handinyouexercise-books,please.
We’llbackyouup.Weshoulddaretofaceanydifficultyanddanger.
Whoheadedthedelegation.(当团长)。
We’llheadedforYunnantomorrow.
Weshouldshouldertheseresponsibilities.(肩负)
Shefingeredthesilkgently.(抚摩)
Soontheseedingsshotupandbegantoear.(抽穗)
I’mneverinterestedinnosingoutthedetailsofsomeoneelse’sprivatelife.(探听)
Theyeyedhimwithsuspicion.(注视)
一些表示一类人的名词也可用做动词:
Ifso,weshallbebadlyfooled.(上当)
Heinsistedonstayinguptonursethechild.(护理)
Wewerehostedbymembersoftheembassy.(款待)
Ouraimistosavethepatientandnottodoctorhimtodeath.(医治)
Theequipmentwasmannedbythreeworkerspershift.(操作)
HehassoldieredinFranceinhisyouth.(当兵)
Thearmywasofficeredbybravemen.(担任军官)
Hefatheredmanyinventions.(有过)
一些表示其他实物的名词也可用做动词:
Eachapartmentcanhouseafamilyofsix.(居住)
Ihopewecanroomtogether.(住)
Thishelpedtobridgeoverourdifficulties.(度过)
Theyfloweredwellbutborelittlefruit.(开花)
Heflooredtheroom.(装地板)
Hemanuredthesoilbeforesowing.(施底肥)
Anaeroplanewasusedtodustinsecticide.(喷洒)
Wedecidedtodamtheriver.(筑河坝)
Heisbusyoilingthebicycle.(上油)
Hewolfeddownthreegreatbowlsofrice.(狼吞虎咽)
Thepilliscoatedwithsugar.(包有糖衣)
Executives,workersandtechniciansteamup.(组织在一起)
此外,还有一些抽象名词等也可以用做动词:
Wheredoswallowswinter?
(过冬)
WesummeredbyLakeGeneva.(度夏)
Forsixdaysandnightstheybattledtosavehislife.(苦战)
Throughmychildhood,Ihadhungeredforeducation.(盼望)
Thissoangeredusthatwebeathimup.(使气愤)
Theattackmustbeproperlytimed.(选择时间)
Theactuallaborforcenumbered12000.(计数有)
Theybreakfasted(lunched)attheguesthouse.(吃早饭)
Over1000studentsstormedintotheSenatebuilding.(冲进)
3有不少形容词也可以用做动词:
Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.(减慢一半)
Thisisthechiefwayofnarrowingthedifferencesbetweenthem.(缩小)
Pleasewarmupthedishoverthestove.(热一下)
Theroomgraduallyquieteddown.(安静下来)
Theyperiodicallythinnedoutleaves.(打掉)
Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered.(纠正)
Nothingdriessoonerthanatear.(干)。
Shellywasunabletocalmher.
Theresultshumbledhim.(失体面)
Don’tidleawayyourtime.(白白混掉)
Theybravedthebittercoldtocompletetherailway.(不顾)
MostoftheseriversemptyintothePacificOcean.(流入)
Headjustedthelatheandreadiedthecuttingtool.(准备好)
Shebusiedherselfwithhouseholdwork.Don’tdirtyyourclothes.
Theyfinallyfreedthemselvesfromslavery.
Onlythuscanwebetterthelifeofthepeople.
Hefelthimselfwronged.(受了委屈)Hishairisbeginningtogrey.
Thenewspaperhadbeenyellowedbysunlight.
Heloweredhisvoice.
另外有个别其他词类的词可用做动词:
Thishelpedtofurthertheirunity.(促进adv---v)
Truthwillout.(大白adv---v)
3000workerstheredownedtools.(放下工具罢工adv---v)
Pleaseforwardthelettertomynewaddress.(转寄adv---v)
Shewilloffanddoherownthings.(走掉adv---v)
Isecondthemotion.(同意num---v)
4有不少形容词可用做名词:
Noblesconstitutedsevenpercentofthepopulation.(贵族)
Hedidn’twanttodisturbthequietneededbythepatients.(安静环境)
He’sadear.WhenisyourFrenchoral?
(口语课)
Theirjoblesstotal(总数)reachedarecordhigh(高峰)since1940.
Thereisonlyoneblackinmyclass.
Sheisinvestigatingtheancients’conceptionoftheuniverse.(古人)
Heisanaturalforthejob.(天生适合……的人)
Itisnecessarytomakeadistinctionbetweenrightandwrong.
Theyarerunninginthefinal.Oursix-year-oldisatschool.
Inshort,forshort,ingeneral,forfree,inred,inpublic,incommon,inparticular等.
5此外,还有个别其他转化的情况:
Thisisarepeatperformanceoftheiroldpolicy.(故伎重演)
Theyheldafancydressball.(化装)Webegantomarchnorth.
Hisargumentscontainstoomanyifsandbuts.
Thisbookisamustforstudentsofelectronics.(必读书)
Haveyouconsideredthewhyandhowoftheplan?
Haveyouhadamedicalyet?
(检查身体)
6有一些词可以词形不变用作另一词类,但是重音发生变化.
Digestexportimportincreasepermitpresentprogressproducerecordrefusesuspecttransportperfectcontentdeserttransport等
7另外有些词通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词类,有的拼写无变化,有的拼写发生改变:
use---useexcuse---excusehouse---housemouth---mouthpractice---practiseadvice—advisebelief—believegrief---grievehalf---halvesrelief—relievethief-----theft---thievereceipt—receiveweight—weighhalf—halvecomplaint—complain
还有一些词转化为另一词时元音或拼法也发生了变化:
bath---bathebreath---breatheblood---bleedfood—feedgold—gildproof---provespeech—speaktale—tellsale—selllose---lossfill—fullchoose---choice
2、派生构词法:
派生构词法主要是有词根加后缀构成。
1构成名词的后缀常用的有下面这些:
-er加在动词后表示人:
adviserannouncerthinkeradmirerbakerbarberfounderlearnerplayerbabysittereye-openerspeakeremployertrainerpeace-loverdeer-hunterwood-cutterlandownermoneylenderonlookerminerpasser-bysupporterbread-winnerlabourerdesignerschool-leaverlawyermanager(经理)passenger(旅客)beggar
加在动词后表示工具或物品:
air-conditionercan-openercookerharvestereraserdrawerdusterrecordertelephone-receivertimercounterpain-killerbestsellercontainerbest-sellerheater(加热器)posterrollerreminder
加在名词形容词后表示人:
villagerbankerfarmerLondonerNewZealanderownerstrangerforeignersouthernerteenagerphotographeroutsiderislandermillergardener,messenger
-oractorsailortransistorsemi-conductorinventorgovernoroperatoreditorvisitorelevatorcalculatorprofessordirectorcollectorcompetitorinspectornavigator
-arbeggar,liar,scholar,burglar
-istMarxistartistpianistsocialistcommunistcapitalistdentistscientisttouristtypistspecialist专家novelisttourist
-eeemployeetraineetrustee(理事)addressee(收件人)referee(裁判)intervieweeappointee(被任命人)
-eerpioneerengineerprofiteer(投机商)mountaineervolunteer
-esshostessactresswaitresslionesstigressprincessgoddessempressheiressmistresspoetesspriestessshepherdessfairness
-ianmagicianmusiciantechnicianphysicianpoliticianlibrariancomedian,pedestrian
-iercashiersoldierfinancierpremier
-aryrevolutionary,secretary
-eseChineseJapanesePortuguesePekinese
-antdependantinhabitantcontestantattendant(服务员)servant,immigrant,inhabitant,assistant,descendant
-entagent,president,resident,student,correspondent
-mansportsmanseamanfiremansalesmanspokesmanstatesmanfisherman
countrymanpostman
-ismsocialismMarxismracismheroismoptimism
-nessillnesssicknesshappinessgreatnesscoldnesskindnessgoodnessdarknesssadnessbitternesscarelessnessloneliness
-(a)tiondictationpreparationoperationliberationexceptionrepetitionpronunciationdescriptionexplanationsuggestionattentionintentionintroductiondirectionseparationmodernizationconsiderationinvitationcollectionprotectioncompetitionrecognitiontranslationrealizationimaginationreductionadditionpollutionexhibitionconnectionconstructiondeterminationinterruptioncongratulationsatisfactionrelaxationreflectionreceptionexceptionsituation(形势,情况)temptation
-iondiscussionrevisiondecisionexpansionpersuasioncomparisonpermissionexpressionpossessionexplosionadmissionimpression
-mentdevelopmentdisagreementagreementjudgmentmovementargumentgovernmentdisappointmentastonishmentamazementemploymentpunishmentimprovementencouragementmanagementenjoymentexcitementsettlementtreatmentannouncementrequirementrefreshmentstatementbasemententertainmentassignment
-ingbuildingsmokingreadingswimmingfeelingpaintingweddingfreezingsleep-pillsclose-plantingdeep-ploughingEnglish-speakingsight-seeingfarminggardeningprintingearningssavingsweddingsurroundingfittingsgreetingbodybuildingagingblessingthanksgiving
-shipleadershipfriendshipscholarshiphardshipcitizenshipmembershipwarshipseamanshipownershipcompanionshiprelationshipworship
-hoodchildhoodboyhoodfalsehood(谬误)likelihood(可能性)motherhood(母性,为母之道)brotherhood
-agemarriagecarriageshortageleakage(泄露)baggageadvantagepassagestoragepercentagepackage包装advantage
-urefailurepressurepleasureseizure(抓,没收)mixturemoisturesignaturearchitecturecreaturedepartureliterature
-domfreedomkingdomofficialdom(官僚作风)wisdom
-tysafetycruelty(残酷)loyalty(忠诚)penalty(处罚)varietyquality(质量)certaintypovertyanxiety
-ityactivityrealityhumidity(湿度,潮湿)possibilityelectricitynationalitymajorityminoritydisabilityequalitysecuritynecessity
-y(ry)difficultyslaverydiscoveryinquiry
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