poetic terms诗歌术语.docx
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poetic terms诗歌术语.docx
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poeticterms诗歌术语
Introductorypoeticterms
Sounddevices
Alliteration,Assonance,Consonance,Onomatopoeia,Rhyme,Rhymescheme
Meter
BalladMeter,Iambicpentameter
Form
Stanza,Couplet,Quatrain,FreeVerse,Sonnet,Ballad
Meaningdevices
Imagery,Metaphor,Simile,Personification,Pun,Allusion,Paradox,Symbol,Apostrophe
TwoLinguisticDevices
Inversion,Parallelism
Sounddevices
Allsounddevicesareinterestingbecausetheybringstogetherwordsthatsoundalikebutdonotnecessarilyhaveanythingelseincommon.In"FireandIce"thetwowordsinthetitleareoppositeinmeaningbuthavethesamevowelsound(assonance).Thepoem,whichattimessuggeststhatthetwoarethesameinamuchasbothcan"end"theworld,wouldbemuchlesseffectiveifthewordslackedthisassonance.Thisiswhypoetryissodifficulttotranslate.
Alliteration:
repetitionoftheinitialsounds(usuallyconsonants)ofstressedsyllablesinnearbywordsorlines,usuallyatwordbeginnings.
FromLordTennyson's"Break,Break,Break":
Andthestatelyshipsgoon
Totheirhavenunderthehill.
FromLordByron's"SheWalksinBeauty":
Shewalksinbeauty,likethenight
Ofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;
Assonance:
therelativelyclosesuccessionofthesameorsimilarvowelsounds,butwithdifferentconsonants:
akindofvowelrhyme.
FromWilliamCarolWilliams'"TheRedWheelbarrow"
glazedwithrain
water
besidethewhite
chickens
Consonance:
therelativelyclosesuccessionofthesameendconsonantswithdifferentvowelsounds:
akindofconsonantrhyme.
Noticeallthe"r"soundsinthelastsixlinesof"HylaBrook":
Itsbedisleftafadedpapersheet
Ofdeadleavesstucktogetherbytheheat-
Abrooktononebutwhorememberlong.
Thisasitwillbeseenisotherfar
Thanwithbrookstakenotherwhereinsong.
Welovethethingsweloveforwhattheyare.
Onomatopoeia:
anywordwhosesoundechoesitsmeaning.
In"TheOvenBird"RobertFrostusesthewordloudonomatopoetically.
Thereisasingereveryonehasheard,
Loud,amid-summerandamid-woodbird.
Frostemphasizestheloudnessof"loud"byplacingitaloneatthebeginningofthelineñtheonlylineinthepoemthatstartswithanaccented(stressed)syllable.(Seeiambicpentameter)
Rhymeoccurswhenthelastvowelandconsonantsoundsoftwowordsareidentical.InRobertFrost's"FireandIce"firerhymeswithdesire;icewithtwiceandsuffice;hatewithgreat.Generallyspeaking,Rhymereferstorhymesattheendoftheline.Otherrhymesarecalled"internalrhymes."Sometimesrhymesareonlyapproximate.Thesearecallednearorslantrhymes.
Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,
Somesayinice.
FromwhatI'vetastedofdesire
Iholdwiththosewhofavorfire.
Butifithadtoperishtwice,
IthinkIknowenoughofhate
Toknowthatfordestructionice
Isalsogreat
Andwouldsuffice.
EmilyDickinsonoftenemploysnearrhymeasinthesecondstanzaof"WhenNightisalmostDone."
IneverspokewithGod,
Norvisitedinheaven;
YetcertainamIofthespot
Asifthechartweregiven.
Rhymescheme:
Thepatternestablishedbythearrangementofrhymesinastanzaorpoem,generallydescribedbyusinglettersofthealphabettodenotetherecurrenceofrhyminglines:
Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,
Somesayinice.
FromwhatI'vetastedofdesire
Iholdwiththosewhofavorfire.
Butifithadtoperishtwice,
IthinkIknowenoughofhate
Toknowthatfordestructionice
Isalsogreat
Andwouldsuffice
a
b
a
a
b
c
b
c
b
Meter
Meteristhe"beat"ofapoem.InEnglish,meterwasoriginallymeasuredby"stresses"andalineendedafteraspecifiednumberofaccentedsyllables.Sincethe1400'smeterhastendedtobemeasuredbyaccentedandunaccentedsyllables.Theunitofmeteriscalledthefoot.Thelengthoflinesisdescribedbythenumberofrepeated"meters"intheline.
(1),dimeter
(2),trimeter(3),tetrameter(4),pentameter(5),hexameter(6),heptameter(7)andoctameter(8).ThemostcommonfootinEnglishistheiamb,whichconsistsoftwosyllables,thesecondoneofwhichisaccented.Anothercommonfootisthetrochee(alsotwosyllables,butwiththefirstaccented);somemetricalfeet(dactylandanapest)havethreesyllables.Wewillfocusmainlyontheiamb.
Herearesomeiambic(tetrameter)linesfromthebeginningofWilliamWordsworth's"Iwanderedlonelyasacloud":
Iwanderedlonelyasacloud
Thatfloatsonhigho'ervalesandhills,
WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,
Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils,
Besidethelake,beneaththetrees.
Noticethatthenextlinebreakstherhythmicpatternandthisstandsout:
Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.
Itisasifapictureissuddenlygivenmotion,asifthebreezeblewacrossthepoem.
Balladmeteristhesourceofmuchdebate.Thedebatefocusesonwhetheryoushouldjustcountthenumberofaccentedsyllables(stresses)inlinesalternatingbetweenfourstressesandthree,orseetheselinesascontainingfourandthreefeet(usuallyiambicortrochaic)respectively.Balladmeterisalsocalledhymnmeterandyoushouldbeabletosingaballadtothetuneof"AmazingGrace"or,lesselegantly,to"TheYellowRoseofTexas."
Weseetheclassicpatternin"SirPatrickSpence."Noticethatalthoughthebasicrhythmisiambic,therearetrochees(wordslikeDrinkin')thatbeginandendsomeofthelines.
ThekingsitsinDunfermlinetoun,
Drinkin'thebluidredwine
'0whaurwillIgetaskeelyskipper,
Tosailthisshipo'mine?
'
Thenupandspakaneldernknicht,
Satattheking'srichtknee,
'SirPatrickSpenceisthebestsailor,
Thateversail'dthesea.'
Inthe"literaryballad""LaBelleDamesSansMerci",JohnKeatstendstoshortenthefourthline,butstillincludesthreestresses.
Ah,whatcanailthee,knight-at-arms,
Aloneandpalelyloitering;
Thesedgeiswither'dfromthelake,
Andnobirdssing.
EmilyDickinsonusesthebasiccadenceofballadmeterinmostofherpoems:
There'sacertainSlantoflight,
WinterAfternoons--
Thatoppresses,liketheHeft
OfCathedralTunes--
HeavenlyHurt,itgivesus--
Wecanfindnoscar,
Butinternaldifference,
WheretheMeanings,are---
Iambicpentameter(seealsoblankverse)isprobablythemostcommonnon-balladlineinEnglishpoetry.
TheselinesfromRobertFrost's"TheOvenBird"arealmost"perfect"iambicpentameterlines,especiallyifyoupronounce"flowers"and"showers"asmonosyllabicwords.
Hesaysthatleavesareoldandthatforflowers
Mid-summeristospringasonetoten. 5
Hesaystheearlypetal-fallispast
Whenpearandcherrybloomwentdowninshowers
Onsunnydaysamomentovercast;
Andcomesthatotherfallwenamethefall.
Hesaysthehighwaydustisoverall. 10
Thebirdwouldceaseandbeasotherbirds
Butthatheknowsinsingingnottosing.
Thequestionthatheframesinallbutwords
Iswhattomakeofadiminishedthing.
Form
Stanza:
thepoeticversionofaparagraph,adivisionofapoemmadebyarrangingthelinesintounitsseparatedbyaspace;traditionallypoeticstanzaaresimilarinlengthtooneanotherandsimilarinrhymescheme.
Couplet:
Twosuccessivelinesofpoetry,usuallyofequallengthandsimilarmeter,withend-wordsthatrhyme.
InRobertFrost's"HylaBrook"therearenumerouscoupletswithinasinglestanza
Itsbedisleftafadedpapersheet
Ofdeadleavesstucktogetherbytheheató
InAndrewMarvell's"Epitaph"therearethreecoupletsinthefirststanza(asixlinestanzaiscalledasestet.)
ENOUGH;andleavetheresttoFame!
'Tiestocommendher,buttoname.
Courtshipwhich,living,shedeclined,
Whendead,toofferwereunkind:
Norcanthetruestwit,orfriend,
Withoutdetracting,hercommend.
InArchibaldMacLeish's"ArsPoetica"thecoupletsarenotofequallengthbutareeachstanzas.
Apoemshouldbeequalto:
Nottrue.
Forallthehistoryofgrief
Anemptydoorwayandamapleleaf.
Quatrain:
Apoem,unitorstanzaoffourlinesofverse,usuallywitharhymeschemeofababoritsvariant,abcb.ItisthemostcommonformofstanzainEnglish.
Gatheryerosebudswhileyemay,
OldTimeisstilla-flying;
Andthissameflowerthatsmilestoday
Tomorrowwillbedying.
a
b
a
b
(RobertHerrick)
Break,break,break,
Onthycoldgraystones,OSea!
AndIwouldthatmytonguecouldutter
Thethoughtsthatariseinme.
a
b
a
b
(LordTennyson)
Freeverse:
aformofpoetrythatdoesnotcontainrepeatedrhythmsorregularrhyme,butdoesuseothersounddeviceslikeassonance,alliteration,imagery.
Noticehowthese"free"versesfromA.R.Ammons'"Eyesight"areinstanzasofsimilarlength.
don'tworry,saidthemountain,
trythelaternorthernslopes
orif
youcanclimb,climb
intospring:
but
saidthemountain
it'snotthatway
withallthings,some
thatgoaregone
InAuden's"MuseedeBeauxArts"thereisonlyonestanza,butnoticetheorganizationofthelineswiththeuseofvariouskindsofrepetition,bothphoneticallyandrhythmically.(Throughoutthepoemthereisconsiderableendrhymeeventhoughthereisvariationinthelengthofthelines;Audenwasapoetofgreatdisciplinesoitisprobablymisguidedtolabelanyofhisverseas"free")
TheOldMasters;howwell,theyunderstood
Itshumanposition;howittakesplace
Whilesomeoneelseiseatingoropeningawindoworjustwalkingdullyalong;
WaltWhitmanwasprobablythefirstsignificantpoetwhowroteprimarilyfreeverse.Hereisasectionof"WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom"thatdescribesthe
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