轮胎工艺英语.docx
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轮胎工艺英语.docx
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轮胎工艺英语
TireManufacturingProcess
Tiresarenotjustroundandblacktheyaresophisticatedproductsthatcantakeyearsofresearchanddevelopmenttoproduce.Ifyouhaveeverwonderedhowtiresaremade,thefollowingisaroadmapfortheconstructionofaradialtire:
StartwithRubberandAdditives
Tireconstructionstartswhenrawchemicaladditivessuchassulfur,carbonblackandsolventsarecombinedwithnaturalandsyntheticrubber.Theprocesstakesplaceinalargemachinecalledabanbury.
Inadditiontomixingandgrinding,thebanburyheatstherubbertomakeitworkableinpreparationforfurtherapplications.Therawproductemergesintheformoflong,flatbandsofrubber,whicharethenworkedinrollingmills.
SixMainComponents
Ittakesseveralmachinestoshapetherubberintotheindividualcomponentsofthetire:
tread,ply,belts,beads,sidewalls,andinnerliner.
∙Thetreadrubberisextrudedthroughatuber,thenmeasured,cooledandcutintopreciselengths.
∙Sidewallsarealsoextrudedthroughtubers,alongwiththewhiterubberforawhitesidewallorwhiteletteredtireifrequired.
∙Theplyisproducedinacalendermill,whichcombinesthinsheetsofrubberwithnylonorpolyestercordfabrics.Thelargesheetsarecuttowidth,rolledandtransportedtotheassemblyareawhereallthecomponentswillcometogether.
∙Atthesametimeastherawrubberistransformedintothetreadandplies,thecreelroomequipsthetirewithitsbasicstrength.Finesteelwiregoesintothemanufactureofbeltsforthesteel-beltedradialtire.Rubberfromthemillsandsteelfromthecreelroomaremoldedtogetherintowideflatsheets,cutonthebias,rolled,andmovedtothetire-buildingmachine.
∙Theinnerlinerisaimpermeablelayerofrubberontheinsideofatirewhichcreatesaairtightchamberwhenfittedtothevehiclewheel.Thislayereliminatestheneedforainnertube.
∙Thelastmajorcomponentofthetireisthebead.Thebeadsarecreatedoutofwrappedsteelwire,coveredwithrubberandformedintohoops.Thebeadanchorsthefabricpliesofthetireandseatsthetirefirmlyonthewheel.
TheGreenTire
Thesixcomponents(tread,ply,belts,sidewalls,linerandbeads)cometogetheronthetire-buildingmachine.Thesesixcomponentsareassembledintowhatisknownasanuncured,orgreen,tireintwostages.
∙Thecarcassofthetire,includingbeads,plies,sidewallsandliner,isconstructedononesideofthemachine.
∙Thetreadandtheunderlyingbeltsareassemblednexttothecarcassontheothersideofthemachine.
Thetwosubassembliesarethenjoinedtogetherandtheresultisagreentire.
Vulcanization
Thenextphaseisvulcanization,themoleculartransformationofthesoft,gummygreentireintothetough,andlongwearing,modernpassengertire.Thegreentireisplacedinacuringmoldandissubjectedtointensepressureandhighheatinternallyandexternallyforaspecifiedperiodoftime.Simultaneously,thetreadpatternisimprintedontotherubber.Whenitcomesfromthemold,thetireisreadyforfinalfinishandinspection.
FinalFinishandInspection
Forshowroomquality,anyexcessrubberistrimmedoffthecuredtire.Everytireisthoroughlyinspected.Thetirethenundergoesvariousuniformitycheckstoassessrideandcomfortquality.Oncethetireshavepassedallthechecksandinspections,theyaresenttothedistributionwarehouseforshipment.
HowToReadTireSidewall
P205/55R1691W
TireSize
Example:
P205/55R1691W
P
PidentifiesyourtireasaPassengerTire.ThePstandsforPMetric.IfyourtiresizestartswithLTratherthanaPthanitidentifiesthetireasalighttrucktire.
205
205identifiesthetiresectionwidth,whichisthemeasurementofthetirefromsidewalltosidewallinmillimeters.Thismeasurementvariesdependingontherimtowhichitisfitted.
(Thereare25.4millimetersper1inch.)
55
55isthetwo-figureaspectratio.Thispercentagecomparesthetire'ssectionheightwiththetire'ssectionwidth.Forexample,thisaspectratioof55meansthatthetire'ssectionheightis55%ofthetire'ssectionwidth.
R
Rindicatestheconstructionusedwithinthetire'scasing.Rstandsforradialconstruction.BmeansbeltedbiasandDstandsfordiagonalbiasconstruction.
16
16Thelastdimensionlistedinthesizeisthediameterofthewheelrimwhichismostoftenmeasuredininches.
LoadIndexandSpeedRating
91W
91WTheloadindexandspeedrating,orservicedescriptionarethenumbersthatfollowthetiresize.
Theloadindextellsyouhowmuchweightthetirecansupportwhenproperlyinflated.Loadindicesrangefrom74-150forpassengertireswitheachnumericvaluecorrespondingtoacertaincarryingcapacity.Thecarryingcapacityforeachvaluecanbefoundonaloadindexchart.OneachU.S.passengercartire,theloadlimitislistedinpounds.Europeantireshavetheloadlimitlistedinkilogramsandsometimespounds.
SpeedRatings
SpeedratingsarerepresentedbylettersrangingfromAtoZ.Eachlettercoincidestothemaximumspeedatirecansustainunderitsrecommendedloadcapacity.Forinstance,Sisequivalenttoamaxspeedof112mph.Eventhoughatirecanperformatthisspeed,wedonotadvocateexceedinglegalspeedlimits.
SpeedSymbol
Speed(km/h)
Speed(mph)
A1
5
3
A2
10
6
A3
15
9
A4
20
12
A5
25
16
A6
30
19
A7
35
22
A8
40
25
B
50
31
C
60
37
D
65
40
E
70
43
F
80
50
G
90
50
G
90
56
J
100
62
K
110
68
L
120
75
M
130
81
N
140
87
P
150
94
Q
160
100
R
170
106
S
180
112
T
190
118
U
200
124
H
210
130
V
240
149
W
270
168
Y
300
186
(Z)
300
186
DOTSerialNumber
The"DOT"symbolcertifiesthetiremanufacturer'scompliancewiththeU.S.DepartmentofTransportationtiresafetystandards.Belowisadescriptionoftheserialnumber.Startingwiththeyear2000,fournumbersareusedfortheDateofManufacture,firsttwonumbersidentifytheweekandthelasttwonumbersidentifytheyearofmanufacture.
Priortoyear2000threenumbersareusedfortheDateofmanufacture,firsttwonumbersidentifytheweekandthelastnumberidentifiestheyearofmanufacture.Toidentifytiresmanufacturedinthe90'sadecadesymbol(atriangleonitsside)islocatedattheendoftheDOTserialnumber.
TireMaintenanceTips
Yourtiresaretheonlypartofyourvehiclethatactuallytouchestheroadwhenyoudrive.Itonlytakesacoupleofminutesofmaintenanceeachmonthtokeepyourtiresworkingattheirbest.
CheckYourAirPressureOnceaMonth
Incorrectairpressureistheleadingcauseoftiredamage.Toavoidtiredamageyouneedtocheckyourtire'sairpressureonceamonth.
Thecorrecttirepressureislistedonthevehicleplacard&canbefoundinthefollowingplaces:
∙Thecar'sownermanual
∙Insidethegastanklid
∙Ontheedgeofthedriver'ssidedoor
∙Onthedoorpost
TheairpressurelistedonthesideofyourtireisNOTthecorrectairpressureforyourvehicle.Thatnumberisthemaximumairpressureforthetire.Remembertochecktheairinyoursparetire.
Don'tgetstrandedorputoutcostlytowingexpenses.Checkyourairpressureonyourspareregularly.Note:
Ifyouhavedifferentrimsthancameonyourvehicleoriginally,makesurethattheboltsonyoursparetirearethecorrectfitting.
Failuretokeepyourtiresproperlyinflatedcanincreasewearandwillhaveanegativeeffectonyourvehicleshandling.
Whencheckingandadjustingtirepressure,thefollowingshouldbekeptinmind:
∙Checktheairpressurewhenthetireiscold-tiresbecomehotevenafterdrivingjustamile.Ifyoumustdrivetoaddair,checkyourairpressurebeforeyouleave.Airpressurechanges1-2poundsforevery10degreesoftemperaturechange.Airpressuregoesupinwarmweatheranddownincoldweather.
∙Tirepressuremustbethesameonthetiresofeachaxle,butmaybedifferentonthefrontandrearaxle.
∙Valvecapsmustbetightlyclosedtoprotectthevalvefromdustanddirtandpreventitfromleaking.
∙Replacemissingvalvecapswithoutdelay.
Takethisopportunitytoinspectyourtirestomakesurethereisnothingstuckinthemortheyhavenodeformities.
TreadDepth
Topreventhydroplaningandskiddingyourtiresmusthavepropertreaddepth.Theminimumtreaddepthis1/16thofandinch.
Askanyone,theeasiestwaytocheckyourtreaddepth...thepennytest.Whatisthepennytest?
Takeapennyandplaceitinthetreadofyourtire.IfpartofLincoln'sheadiscoveredbythetreadyourtireshaveenoughtread.IfyoucanseeLincoln'sentirehead,youshouldbuyanewtire.
Youshouldalsocheckyourtiretreadforunevenwear.Irregularwearshortensthelifeofyourtires,ifyouthinkyouhaveunevenwearyoushouldtakeyouvehicletoyourtiredealer.
Rotation
Thebestwaytopreventunevenwearistohaveyourtiresrotatedevery6,000-8,000milesorasspecifiedinyourvehicle'sownermanual.
PotentialTireTroubles
∙Curbscanprovetobebigtroubletoyourtires.Approachcurbswithcare,ifyoudriveoverthemtoofastoratthewrongangletheimpactmaycausethetiretocrack.
∙Avoidpotholesordebrisintheroadwhenpossible.
∙Avoidfaststops&starts.
∙Besuretocheckyourowner'smanualforyourvehiclesmaximumload.Overloadingyourvehiclecanshortenyourtireslife.
ReplacingYourTires
Youshouldreplaceyourtireswiththesametypeoftiresthatcameonyourvehicleoriginalequipment.Thisinclud
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