新托福 TPO 阅读长难句解析.docx
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新托福 TPO 阅读长难句解析.docx
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新托福TPO阅读长难句解析
新托福TPO阅读长难句解析
1.Onlythelastofthesewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:
Streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemtoandwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.
2.Earlyinthecentury,apumphadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteamraisedapiston(活塞)inacylinder(汽缸),andatmosphericpressurebroughtitdownagainwhenthesteamcondensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum.
3.Thefinalstepcamewhensteamwasintroducedintothecylindertodrivethepistonbackwardaswellasforwardtherebyincreasingthespeedoftheengineandcuttingitsfuelconsumption.
4.Coalgasrivaledsmokyoillampsandflickeringcandles,andearlyinthenewcentury,well—to—doLondonersgrowaccustomedtogaslightshousesandevenstreets.
5.Ironmanufacturerswhichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoalalsobenefitedfromever-increasingsuppliesofcoal;blastfurnaceswithsteam-poweredbellowsturnedoutmoreironandsteelforthenewmachinery.
6.Atthesametime,operatorsofthefirstprintingpressesrunbysteamratherthanbyhandfounditpossibletoproduceathousandpagesinanhourratherthanthirty.
7.Insomeindustrialregions,heavilyladenwagons,withflangedwheels,werebeinghauledbyhorsesalongmetalrails;andthestationarysteamenginewaspuffinginthefactoryandmine.
8.AnothergenerationpassedbeforeInventorssucceededincombiningtheseingredientsbyputtingtheengineonwheelsandthewheelsontherails,soastoprovideamachinetotaketheplaceofthehorse.
9.WhenhegrewolderWilliamSmithtaughthimselfsurveyingfrombooksheboughtwithhissmallsavingsandattheageofeighteenhewasapprenticedtoasurveyorofthelocalparish.
10.Thecompaniesbuildingthecanalstotransportcoalneededsurveyorstohelpthemfindthecoaldepositsworthminingaswellastodeterminethebestcoursesforthecanals.
11.HelaterworkedonsimilarjobsacrossthelengthandbreadthofEnglandallthewhilestudyingthenewlyrevealedstrataandcollectingallthefossilshecouldfind.
12.Butasmoreandmoreaccumulationsofstratawerecatalogedinmoreandmoreplaces,itbecameclearthatthesequencesofrockssometimesdifferedfromregiontoregionandthatnorocktypewasevergoingtobecomeareliabletimemarkerthroughouttheworld.
13.Quartzisquartz—asiliconionsurroundedbyfouroxygenions—there’snodifferenceatallbetweentwo-million-year-oldPleistocenequartzandCambrianquartzcreatedover500millionyearsago.
14.AshecollectedfossilsfromstratathroughoutEngland,Smithbegantoseethatthefossilstoldadifferentstoryfromtherocksparticularlyintheyoungerstratatherockswereoftensosimilarthathehadtroubledistinguishingthestrata,butheneverhadtroubletellingthefossilsapart.
15.Whilerockbetweentwoconsistentstratamightinoneplacebeshaleandinsandstone,thefossilsinthatshaleorsandstonewerealwaysthesame.
16.Somefossilsenduredthroughsomanymillionsofyearsthattheyappearinmanystrata,butothersoccuronlyinafewstrata,andafewspecieshadtheirbirthsandextinctionswithinoneparticularstratum.
17.Byfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEngland'searthintorelativetemporalsequence.
18.LimestonemaybefoundintheCambrianor-300millionyearslater-intheJurassicstratabutatrilobite—theubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrian—willneverbefoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian.
19.Thesheerpassageoftimedoesnotaccountforit;adultshaveexcellentrecognitionofpicturesofpeoplewhoattendedhighschoolwiththem35yearsearlier.
20.Childrentwoandahalftothreeyearsoldrememberexperiencesthatoccurredintheirfirstyear,andelevenmontholderthanthemcanremembersomeeventsayearlater.
21.Nordoesthehypothesisthatinfantileamnesiareflectsrepression-orholdingback-ofsexuallychargedepisodesexplainthephenomenon.
22.Maturationofthefrontallobesofthebraincontinuesthroughoutearlychildhood,andthispartofthebrainmaybecriticalforrememberingparticularepisodesinwaysthatcanberetrievedlater.
23.Consistentwiththisviewparentsandchildrenincreasinglyengageindiscussionsofpasteventswhenchildrenareaboutthreeyearsold.
24.Thebetterablethepersonistoreconstructtheperspectivefromwhichthematerialwasencoded,themorelikelythatrecallwillbesuccessful.
25.Theworldlooksverydifferenttoapersonwhoseheadisonlytwoorthreefeetabovethegroundthantoonewhoseheadisfiveorsixfeetaboveit,0lderchildrenandadultsoftentrytoretrievethenamesofthingstheysaw,butinfantswouldnothaveencodedtheinformationverbally.
26.Conversely,improvedencodingofwhattheyhearmayhelpthembetterunderstandandrememberstoriesandthusmakethestoriesmoreusefulforrememberingfutureevents.
27.Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.
28.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.
29.Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.
30.Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.
31.Theexpansionofdesertlikeconditionsintoareaswheretheydidnotpreviouslyexistiscalleddesertification.
32.Insomecasestheloosesoilisblowncompletelyaway,leavingastonysurface.
33.Desertificationisaccomplishedprimarilythroughthelossofstabilizingnaturalvegetationandthesubsequentacceleratederosionofthesoilbywindandwater.
34.Theimpactofraindropsontheloosesoiltendstotransferfineclayparticlesintothetiniestsoilspaces,sealingthemandproducingasurfacethatallowsverylittlewaterpenetration.
35.Thegradualdryingofthesoilcausedbyitsdiminishedabilitytoabsorbwaterresultsinthefurtherlossofvegetation,sothatacycleofprogressivesurfacedeteriorationisestablished.
36.Insomeregions,theincreaseindesertareasisoccurringlargelyastheresultofatrendtowarddrierclimaticconditions.
37.Theprocessmaybeacceleratedinsubsequentdecadesifglobalwarmingresultingfromairpollutionseriouslyincreases.
38.Thesemiaridlandsborderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheirpotentialtoadjusttoincreasedenvironmentalpressures.
39.Duringthedryperiodsthatarecommonphenomenaalongthedesertmargins,though,thepressureonthelandisoftenfarinexcessofitsdiminishedcapacity,anddesertificationresults.
40.Sincetheraisingofmostcropsnecessitatesthepriorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cropfailuresleaveextensivetractsoflanddevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindandwatererosion.
41.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.
42.Theincreasedpressuresofexpandingpopulationshaveledtotheremovalofwoodyplantssothatmanycitiesandtownsaresurroundedbylargeareascompletelylackingintreesandshrubs.
43.Theincreasinguseofdriedanimalwasteasasubstitutefuelhasalsohurtthesoilbecausethisvaluablesoilconditionerandsourceofplantnutrientsisnolongerbeingreturnedtotheland.
44.Thewaterevaporatesandthesaltsareleftbehind,creatingawhitecrustallayerthatpreventsairandwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoil.
45.Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.
46.Inareaswhereconsiderablesoilstillremains,though,arigorouslyenforcedprogramoflandprotectionandcover-cropplantingmaymakeitpossibletoreversethepresentdeteriorationofthesurface.
47.Thecinemadidnotemergeasaformofmassconsumptionuntilitstechnologyevolvedfromtheinitial"peepshow"formattothepointwhereimageswereprojectedonascreeninadarkenedtheater.
48.Forthepriceof25cents(or5centspermachine),customersmovedfrommachinetomachinetowatchfivedifferentfilms(or,inthecaseoffamousprizefights,successiveroundsofasinglefight).
49.Inthephonographparlors,customerslistenedtorecordingsthroughindividualeartubes,movingfromonemachinetothenexttoheardifferentrecordedspeechesorpiecesofmusic.
50.Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.
51.Exhibitors,however,wantedtomaximizetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomorereadilybyprojectingahandfuloffilmstohundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)andbycharging25to50centsadmission.
52.Butthemoviesdifferedsignificantlyfromtheseotherformsofentertainment,whichdependedoneitherliveperformanceor(inthecaseoftheslide-and-lanternshows)theactiveinvolvementofamasterofceremonieswhoassembledthefinalprogram.
53.Althoughearlyexhibitorsregularlyaccompaniedmovieswithliveacts,thesubstanceofthemoviesthemselvesismass-produced,prerecordedmaterialthatcan
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