大学英语综合教程2第一单元笔记.docx
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大学英语综合教程2第一单元笔记.docx
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大学英语综合教程2第一单元笔记
II.TextAnalysis
Anessayisusuallymadeupofthreeparts:
abeginningwherethetopicisintroduced;thebodypartwherethetopiciselaboratedon,andaconclusion.
Besidesstatingthetopicdirectly,therearemanyotherwaystointroduceatheme.Inthistext,ananecdoteoranincidentisused.TheauthorofTextA,Unit6,Book1(WhatAnimalsReallyThink)introduceshistopicbyposingaquestion:
"Doanimalsallhavethoughts,whatwecallconsciousness?
"TextB,Unit3,Book1(HowtoMakeSenseoutofScience)beginsbyquotingnewspaperheadlines:
"NewDrugsKillCancer
DevastationbyElNino--aWarning
6:
30p.m.October26,2028:
CouldThisBetheDeadlinefortheApocalypse?
"
TextBofthisunit,ChildrenandMoney,beginswithanimaginedargumentbetweenachildandhisparentoverthecontrolofpocketmoney.Discoverotherformsofintroductionasyoureadon.However,themoreimportantpointisthatyoushouldlearntovaryyourownwritingbyadoptingvarioustypesoftopicintroduction.
Withoutaconclusion,anessaylacksasenseofcompleteness.Aconclusionmaybearestatementofthemainpointspreviouslymentioned,aproposedsolution,aquotationfromsomebookorperson,apredictionoffuturedevelopments,asuggestionforfurtherstudy,etc.TextB,Unit3,Book1endsbygivingasimile,comparingscientificresearchtomountainclimbing,"aprocessfilledwithdisappointmentsandreverses,butsomehowwekeepmovingahead."Inthistext,HowardGardnermakesasuggestionintheformofaquestion.
III.CulturalNotes
1.EducationintheWest:
ThereisnocommonagreementintheWestconcerningthebestmethodofeducation.Avarietyofviewscanbefoundamongparents,teachersandstudents.Indeed,itmightbearguedthatitisthisveryexistenceofcontendingpointsofviewthatischaracteristicofWesterneducation.ThiscanbeseenasfarbackasintheworkoftheancientGreekphilosopherSocrates,whoencouragedhisstudentstoquestioneverything,eventheirmostfundamentalbeliefs.Yeteventhentherewasnogeneralagreementthatthiswasthebestwaytoteach.Socrates,afterall,wascondemnedtodeathbyhisfellowcitizensforcorruptingthemoralsoftheyoungbyhiswayofteaching.ManylaterperiodsofWesternhistorywerenomoretolerantofencouragingstudentstochallengetraditionalbeliefs:
Darwin'stheoryofevolution,forexample,wasforatimebannedfromschoolsinsomeAmericanstatesonthegroundsofreligiousbelief.
Muchofthecurrentdebateovereducationsurroundstheextenttowhichlearningshouldbeteacher-basedorstudent-based.Whichofthetwoshoulddecidewhatshouldbelearned,howitshouldbelearned,andwhenitshouldbelearned?
ComparingWesternandAsianmethodsoflearningitisgenerallytruethatWesternmethodsaremorestudent-centered,expectingstudentstodiscoverthingsforthemselvesratherthanrelyingontheirteacherstotellthem.Anextremeversionofthestudent-centeredapproachcanbeseenatSummerhill,aschoolinEnglandestablishedbytheeducationalistA.S.Neill.Therechildrenhavecompletefreedomtodecidewhattheyaregoingtolearnandwhichlessonstheywillattend.Iftheywishtheyneednotattendanyatall.MainstreameducationinEnglandisfarmorestrict,demandingthatchildrenattendlessonsandfollowanationalcurriculum.Thiscurriculumandtheimportanceofachievinggoodexamresultstendtoreinforceamoreteacher-centeredapproach,asbothteachersandstudentsfindthepressureoftime,leaveslessopportunityforanexploratoryapproachtolearning.
Theextenttowhichlearningisteacher-centeredorstudent-centeredalsodependsondifferencesbetweensubjects.Inrecentyears,forexample,therehasbeenatrendintheteachingofmathematicsinschoolclassroomsinEnglandawayfromhavingpupilsworkontheirownorinsmallgroupsbacktowardsamoretraditionalapproach,withtheteacherguidingtheentireclassStep-by-stepthroughalesson.Thisfollowedresearchthatsuggestedthat,asfarasmathswasconcerned,amoreteacher-centeredmethodwasmoreeffective.
2.Standingontheshouldersofgiants:
awell-knownphrase,frequentlyemployedbyinventorstoexpressmodestyabouttheirachievements.Thesuggestionisthatwhiletheyhavebeenabletoseefurtherthanthosewhocamebeforethem,itisnotbecausetheythemselvesareintellectualgiants.Ratheritisbecausetheyhavebeenabletobuildupontheaccumulateddiscoveriesoftheirgreatpredecessors.
IV.LanguageStudy
1.attachv.:
fastenorjoin(onethingtoanother)(usedinthepattern:
attachsth.tosth.)
Examples:
Wecanmeasurewindspeedbyattachingawindmetertoakiteandsendingitupintotheair.
Attachedtothisletteryouwillfindacopyoftheagreement.
2.notintheleast:
notatall
Examples:
Iamnotintheleasttouchedbythiskindofbeauty.
Anndidn'tseemintheleastconcernedaboutherfamily.
3.findone'sway:
reachadestinationnaturally;arriveat
Examples:
Shanghaiisnotaneasycitytofindyourwayaround.
Drunkashewas,Peterstillfoundhiswayhome.
4.phenomenon:
(pl.phenomena)sth.thathappensorexistsandthatcanbeseenorexperienced
Examples:
Stress-relatedillnessisacommonphenomenoninbigcities.
Thunderandlighteningarenaturalphenomena.
5.initial:
oforatthebeginning,first(adj.,usedonlybeforen.)
Examples:
Ifacarsuddenlypullsoutinfrontofyou,yourinitialreactionmayincludefearandanger.
Theirinitialburstofenthusiasmdieddownwhentheyrealizedhowmuchworkthejobinvolved.
desirable
adjworthhaving;tobewishedfor【~(that...)】
adesirableresidence,solution称心的住所、解决方法
Itismostdesirablethattheyshouldbothcome.他们两人都来,这最好不过了.
n.v.desire
Cf.desirous渴望的;desired被要求做的
Ex.填空
Itismostdesirablethatheshouldattendtheconference.
Everybodyisdesirousofsuccess[tosucceed].
6.assistv.help(usedinthefollowingpatterns:
assistsb.withsth.帮助某人[做某事]
assistsb.todosth.帮助某人[做某事]
assistsb.indoingsth.帮助某人[做某事].)
Examples:
Thecollegestudentdecidedtoassisttheboywithhisstudy.
Theprofessorwasassistinghisstudentstopreparetheirpapers.
Weallassistedhiminpreparingtheirpapers.
7.somewhatadv.tosomedegree,alittle,slightly
Examples:
ConditionsinthevillagehaveimprovedsomewhatsinceNovember.
"Areyouconcernedaboutyourexamresults?
"
"Somewhat."
8.awaitv.(fml)waitfor
Awaitisafairlycommonwordinformalwriting,butyoudonotusuallyuseitinconversation.Insteadyouuse"waitfor."
Examples:
Wemustawaittheresultsoffieldstudiesyettocome.
AfterIsenttheletteraskingforajob,Ihadnothingtodobutawaittheanswer.
9.onoccasion:
nowandthen
Examples:
Stevespentalmostallhistimedoinghisresearch,but,onoccasion,hewouldtakehissontoseeafilm.
ononeoccasion曾经,有一个时候
onseveraloccasions屡次,好几次
onthisoccasion/ontheoccasionof…在...的时候,值此之际
take/seize(the)occasiontodo….抓住(做...)的好时机,乘机..
10.neglectv.givetoolittleattentionorcareto忽视,疏忽,漏做
Examples:
Themanagerwasaccusedofneglectinghisduties.
Don'tneglecttolockthedoor.
Compare.:
ignore:
paynoattentiontosb./sth,onpurpose,orasifsth.hasnothappened,忽视,不理睬;抹煞(建议)
Example:
Igreetedher,butshejustignoredmeandwalkedon.
Itriedtotellherbutsheignoredme.
11.relevant(to):
directlyconnectedwiththesubject(oppositeirrelevant)
Examples:
Thedebateiscloselyrelevanttotheirdailylives.
Ishallgotoborrowalltherelevantbooksfromtheschoollibraryformytermpaper
12.exception:
sb./sth,thatacommentorstatementdoesnotapplyto
Examples:
Normally,parentsaren'tallowedtositinontheclasses,butinyourcasewecanmakeanexception.
Allthestudentsinthisclass,withoneortwoexceptions,supporttheeducationalreforms.
Withoutexceptionallthestudentswantedtoleaveschoolandstartwork.
Whenyouarementioninganexception,youoftenusetheexpression"withtheexceptionof'.
Example:
Weallwenttoseethefilm,withtheexceptionofOtto,whocomplainedoffeelingunwell.
13.onone'sown:
1)withoutanyone'shelp独立地,主动地
Examples:
Youneedn'tgivemeanyhelp.Iamabletomanageonmyown.
Yourchildcandotheworkonherown.
2)alone独自地,
I'drathernotgotodanceonmyown.Idowishyou'dcomewithme.
14.induecourse:
atthepropertime;eventually及时地,在适当时
Examples:
Yourbookwillbepublishedinduecourse.
Bepatient.You'llgetyourpromotioninduecourse.
15.principaladj.:
(ratherfrei)main,chiefn.负责人,首长,校长
adj.主要的,首要的
Examples:
Theirprincipalconcern/interestistoearnenoughmoneytosendtheirchildrentoschool.
n.Theprincipalofaschoolisthepersoninchargeofit.
Example:
Complaintsfromthestudentsbeganarrivingattheprincipal'soffice.
Cf.:
principlen.法则,原则,原理
Theyagreetotheplaninprinciple.
16.makeupfor:
repaywithsth.good,compensatefor
Examples:
Ilosemuchtimelastterm,butI'mcertainlymakingupforlosttimenow.
Herhusbandboughtherapresenttomakeupforquarrelingwithherthedaybefore.
17.inretrospect:
onevaluatingthepast;uponreflection回顾/回顾往事/检讨过去
Examples:
TheyoungmanknewinretrospectthatheshouldhavemarriedhisfirstloveEmily.
Inretrospect,IwishthatIhadchosenbiologyasmymajor.
18.extreme:
adj.verygreat
Example:
withextremecaution,extremesports,.
n.thefurthestpossiblelimit,anextremedegree
Example:
IknowIalwayssaythatyoueattoomuch,butthereisnoneedtogototheotherextreme.
(phrase:
gotoextremes:
dosth.s
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