法律英语翻译.docx
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法律英语翻译.docx
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法律英语翻译
法律文件严谨,采取各种语言手段防止误解或歧义;其内容必须字面化、外部化,说一是一,说二是二。
含蓄的表达、深层的蕴涵在法律文件中无施展的余地。
在用词方面,法律文件除了专门术语外,还常用一部分古词、旧词。
特别是here,there,where加介词构成的复合副词,如:
hereto,herein,hereunder,hereinabove,thereon,therein,thereof,thereat,therethrough,wherein,whereby,whereof,wherefor等等。
古体副词的大量使用提高法律文件的正式程度,也形成了法律文件特有的稳定性和保守性。
在句法方面,法律文件长句多,几十字、上百字的长句司空见惯。
为了把话说得天衣无缝,不惜运用各种附加语、修饰语、说明语,以致句法成分前后编插、枝权横生,句子结构膨胀,语法关系复杂,读来不畅。
行文中少用代词,宁可重复名词。
在篇章结构方面,有的甚至通篇不用逗号表示停顿。
但是,为了突出内容要点和逻辑程序,法律文件也采用一定的版面手段,如大小写,变换字体、序列和布局等。
根据法律文件的特征,翻译上有如下要求:
LegalDocumentTranslation
Fromstylisticpointofview,thelegaldocumentisrigorous,soitadoptseverylanguagemethodtopreventmisunderstandingorambiguity.Itscontentmustbeliterallyclearandoutspoken.Theexpressionsmustbeclearanddefiniteratherthanimplicitandprofound.
Withregardtowords,thelegaldocumentadoptstechnicalterms,aswellassomeancientwords;particularlythecompoundadverbsof“here”,“there”,“where”etc.addingapreposition,suchas“hereto”,“herein”,“hereunder,”“hereinabove”,“thereon”,“therein”,“thereof”,“thereat”,“therethrough”,“wherein”,“whereby”,“whereof”,“wherefor”andsoon.Themassiveapplicationofancientadverbsenhancesformalityoflegaldocument,andhasformedauniquestabilityandconservativenessofthisdocument.
Onsyntax,legaldocumentusesmanylongsentences.Sentenceswithdecadesoforevenahundredwordsarecommonlyseen.Inordertomakethestatementsflawless,legaldocumentwillusevariouskindsofaddition,modifier,andexplanation;asaresult,thesyntaxingredientsbecomeinterlocking,thesentencestructureexpanding,andthegrammarrelationcomplex.Inaddition,legaldocumentseldomusespronounsbutrepeatstheprecedingnouns.
Onchapterstructure,legaldocumentsometimesdoesn’tuseanycommatoexpressapauseinthewholetext.However,inordertolaystressonthemainpointsofcontentandthelogicalprogram,thelegaldocumentalsousescertainmethods,likecapitalorsmallletters,typefacetransformation,sequenceandlayoutandsoon.
Accordingtothestylisticcharacteristicsoflegaldocument,thetranslationshouldsticktothefollowingprinciples:
一、用词精当
注意同义词在不同译文中的差别,保持词义在上下文中的一致性,使语句严谨。
例如:
I.PreciseandAppropriateWording
Atranslatoroflegaldocumentmustpaycloseattentiontodiscrepancyofsynonymsindifferentversions.Hemustkeepthewordmeaningsinthecontextuniformandthesentencesrigorous.Forexample:
(1)Original:
Unlessitislegallyorphysicallyimpossible,thecontractorshallexecuteandcompletetheworksandremedythedefectsthereininstrictaccordancewiththecontracttothesatisfactionoftheengineer.
Version:
除法律或外界条件不允许的情况之外,承包商应严格按合同施工和竣工,并改正工作中的任何缺陷,达到工程师满意的程度。
physical在哲学上与mental相对,释义为“物质的”、“自然的”。
但这里如光说“物质的”,易生歧义,可能仅仅与具体的物质材料联系起来;如光说“自然的”,也不尽然。
这里译为“外界条件”,即人为以外的条件。
Fromphilosophicalpointofview,“physical”isthecontrastof“mental”,meaning“material(物质的)”or“natural(自然的)”.However,intheabovesentence,itisinappropriatetotranslate“physical”intoeither“物质的”or“自然的”,becausebothofthemwilleasilycauseambiguity.Therefore,itistranslatedinto“外界条件”,namely“externalconditionsexcludingartificiallyimposedones”.
(2)Original:
如在解释上遇有分歧,应以英文本为准。
Version:
Incaseofanydivergenceofinterpretation,theEnglishtextshallprevail.
ThecorrespondingEnglishwordsof“解释”include“construction”,“exposition”,“explanation”and“interpretation”andsoon.Here“解释”referstoaformalusagetoalegalarticle.Soitshouldbeappropriatelytranslatedinto“interpretation”.
二、要言重复
在法律文件中,重要词语(主要是名词)反复出现,一般不使用指代词。
这一方面为避免歧义,另一方面也为了强调,中英文都如此。
II.RepeattheImportantWordsandExpressions
Generallyspeaking,legaldocumentseldomusespronounsbutrepeatsomeimportantwordsandexpressions(mainlynounsandnounphrases)inthecontextforthepurposeofavoidingambiguityononehand,andlayingstressonimportantitemsontheother.ThisissuitabletobothEnglishandChineselegaldocuments.Forexample:
(1)Original:
Havingexaminedtheconditionsofcontract,specification,drawingsandbillofquantitiesfortheexecutionoftheabove-namedworks,we,theundersigned,offertoexecuteandcompletesuchworksinconformitywiththeconditionsofcontract,specification,drawingsandbillofquantities.
Version:
我们,即文末签字人,在审核了关于建造上述工程的合同条件、技术要求、图纸和工程量清单后,提出按上述合同条件、技术要求、图纸和工程量清单施工并完成上述工程。
(2)Original:
如果承包商未按合同要求作任何保险,并使之保持有效,那么雇主可以作任何此种保险,并使之保持有效。
Version:
Ifthecontractorfailstoeffectandkeepinforceanyoftheinsurancesrequiredunderthecontract,thentheemployermayeffectandkeepinforceanysuchinsurances.
三、简洁精练
法律语言贵在简洁,一字不多,一字不少,新墨西哥大学法律教授Henryweihofen在《法律文体》一书中写道:
“Concisenessisparticularlyimportantforlawyers.Lawyers,morethanmostwriters,mustsayexactly,whattheymean,nomoreandnoless.Everyadditionalwordisonemorepotentialsourceofambiguity.”
所以,在翻译时,既要避免含糊不清,又要力克累言赘语。
英文文本中常有古词语,而中文文本中常有文言词,以示文字精练、文体正式。
如:
III.ConciseandRefinedWordsandExpressions
Concisenessisextremelyimportantforlegallanguage.Namely,thewordsandexpressionsofalegaldocumentmustbeexactandrefined,nomoreandnoless.AsProfessorHenryweihofen,alawexpertofNewMexicoUniversitywritesinhisbookStyleofLegalDocument:
“Concisenessisparticularlyimportantforlawyers.Lawyers,morethanmostwriters,mustsayexactly,whattheymean,nomoreandnoless.Everyadditionalwordisonemorepotentialsourceofambiguity.”
Therefore,aversionoflegaldocumentshouldnotonlyavoidambiguity,butalsoeliminatesuperfluouswords.Inordertobemoreconciseandofficial,Englishlegaldocumentsoftenuseancientwordsandexpressions,andChineselegaltextsalsoadoptsclassicalChinese.Forexamples:
(1)Original:
NOWTHEREFORE,inconsiderationofthepremisesandtheconvenantshereincontained,thepartiesheretoagreeasfollows…
Version:
兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,订约双方协议如下……
(2)Original:
外商投资企业生产的出口产品,除国家另有规定的产品之外,免征关税。
Version①:
Exportproductsmanufacturedbyforeign-investedenterprisesintheNewArea,exceptthoseexistingregulationsbytheState,shallbeexemptedfromcustomsduty.
Version②:
Exportsmanufacturedbyforeign-investedenterprisesintheNewAreaareduty-free,unlessotherwiseregulatedbytheState.
exports即为exportproducts,duty-free与exemptfromcustomsduty相当,“除……另有规定外”有多种表达法,改译采用文字简洁的一种。
“Exports”issameto“exportproducts”inmeaning.Sois“duty-free”to“exemptfromcustomsduty”.Inaddition,“除……另有规定外”hasmanykindsofexpressions.SoVersion②ismoreconciseandrefinedthanVersion①.
四、脉络清晰
由于法律语言句法结构比较复杂,译前需理清结构脉络,对无标点符号之长句需正确理解,适当切分,才能准确清晰地予以表达。
例如:
IV:
ClearLogic
Thesyntacticstructureoflegaldocumentisquitecomplex.Atranslatormustclearlysortoutthelogicoftheoriginalcontextandcorrectlyunderstandthenon-punctuatedlongsentences.Onlyinthisway,canheadoptappropriatedivisioninhistranslation,andobtainanaccurateandclearversion.Forexamples:
(1)Original:
IFUPONTHEDEATHOFTHELIFEINSUREDThereshallbenodulyconstitutedpersonalrepresentativeornomineeorassigneeoftheLifeInsuredableandwillingtogiveavalidreceiptforthesumpayablesuchsummayinthediscretionoftheCommitteeofManagementbepaidtooneormoreofthenext-of-kinoftheLifeInsuredwhosereceipttheSocietyfromallliabilityshalleffectuallydischargeunderthispolicy.
Version:
投保人去世时如无适当委任之个人代表或指定人或代理人能够并愿意为取得应付款额出示有效收据,此笔款额可由管理委员会酌情付与投保人之最近亲属;一旦该最近亲属接受付款后保险公司即不再负有本保险单规定之责任。
此保险单原文全无标点,翻译时要加出。
其中对契约双方的名称,如theLifeInsured,theSociety等重要词语首字母大写,段落首行中投保人去世是一个重要信息,为醒目起见,该短语全部字母了大写,译文可用黑体表示。
Theoriginalinsurancearticleisalongsentenceanddoesn’thaveanypunctuation.ButtheChineseversionshouldbeaddedsomepunctuations.Inaddition,inordertobeeye-catching,thefirstletterofbothparties’names,suchas“theLifeInsured”and“theSociety”,andtheconditionalclause“IFUPONTHEDEATHOFTHELIFEINSURED”inthefirstlinearecapitalized,theyshouldbeexpressedwithboldfacetypesinChineseversion.
(2)Original:
④为进一步扩大对外开放,发展对外经济技术合作和贸易,⑤加快上海市经济技术开发区建设,②根据中华人民共和国有关法律、法规,③结合本市实际情况,①制定本条例。
Version:
①TheseRegulationsareenacted②inaccordancewiththerelevantlawsandregulationsofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaand③inthelightoftheactualsituationinShanghai④forpurposeoffurtheropeningtotheoutsideworldandpromotingexchangeswithforeigncountriesineconomicandtechnologicalcooperationandtrade,⑤therebyspeedinguptheconstructionofeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentzonesinShanghai.
英汉语长句结构有较大的不同。
首先对原文汉语要按语义切分成若干段,随后按英语表达习惯分别而连贯地表达,上例中语序有较大变动(按左上角阿位伯数字顺次表达)。
原句中“为了……”、‘根据……”、“结合……”是并列成分,如果按此结构直译,显得分散,故英译时重新予以组合,加上forpurposeof,thereby等词语,表示其内在关系。
TheorderofArabicnumeralsintheChineseoriginaltextisobviouslydifferentfromthatintheEnglishversion.ThisprovesthatEnglishsentencestructureisgreatlydifferentfromChinese.SotheChineseoriginaltextshouldbedividedintocertainsectionsaccordingtosemanticmeaning,thenthesesectionsshouldberearrangedandcombinedintoanidiomaticandcoherentexpressionbyaddingsomelinkingphrasessuchas“forpurpose”and“thereby”etc.intheEnglishversion.Inshort,inordertomaketheversionconcise,coherent,andclear,theChineseshortandseparatesentencesareusuallycombinedintoalongandcomplexEnglishsentence.
TheStyleofLegalDocument
Fromstylisticpointofview,thelegaldocumentisrigorous,soitadoptseverylanguagemethodtopreventmisunderstandingorambiguity.Itscontentmustbeliterallyclearandoutspoken.Theexpressionsmustbeclearanddefiniteratherthanimplicitandprofound.Forexample:
(1)Wherethelawsoradministrativeregulationsrequireac
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