第56周英国1.docx
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第56周英国1.docx
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第56周英国1
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
Acomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatedname
Thefullnameofthecountry:
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)
Itincludes4partswithintheonenationstate:
theislandofGreatBritainismadeupofEngland,ScotlandandWalesandNorthernIreland.
Acomplicatedname:
•Britain
•TheUnitedKingdomtheshortenednames
•TheUK
•BritishIsles:
GreatBritainorBritain:
England
Scotland
Wales
NorthernIreland
Ireland:
northernpart(1/6)andtheRepublicofIreland(theonlylandborder)
ThemapofBritain
UnionJack(英国国旗)
TheflagoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandissometimescalledtheUnionJack.
Populationdistribution:
Britainhasapopulationofabout60millions(WorldNo.22)anditisveryunevenlydistributed.90%ofthepopulationisurbanandonly10%isrural.ThepopulationofBritainismadeupmainlyoftheEnglish(81.5%),theScottish(9.6%),theWelsh(1.9%),theIrish(2.4%),theNorthernIrish(1.8%)andotherpeoples(2.8%).
LandArea:
244,820squarekilometers(WorldNo.78)
Politicalsystem:
constitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制)
HeadofState:
King:
ElizabethII
HeadsofGovernment:
PrimeMinister:
DavidCameron
WhydopeoplealwaysthinkthattheBritainisamultiracial(多民族的)society?
Amultiracialsociety:
differentimmigrantswithdifferentculture,adifferentclass–economicdifferencebetweennorthandsouth.
AsignificantroleofLondon:
London:
LondonisthelargestcitylocatedinthesouthoftheUK.Itisthecapitalofthecountry.ItisahugeweightinBritain’seconomicandculturallife.Soit'sdominantinBritaininallsortsofways.It'stheculturalandbusinesscentreandtheheadquartersofthevastmajorityofBritain'sbigcompanies.Itisthehometoallthemajornewspapers,TVstations,andwithfarandawaythewidestselectionofgalleries,theatresandmuseums,it’snotonlythefinancialcentreofthenation,butalsooneofthethreemajorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld.(NewYork,HongKong)
ClasssysteminBritishsociety
ClasssystemismoreimportantintheUKthaninothercountries.AbouthalftheBritishpopulationwouldclaimthemselvestobemiddle-classandhalfworkingclass.However,therearesubdivisions:
thoseunskilledoffice-workersandskilledwell-paidmanualworkersarecalledlowermiddle-classanddoctorsandlawyersandsoonwhohaverelativelyhighincomesandhighstatusprofessioniscalleduppermiddle-class.Classdivisionsarenotsimplyeconomic;theyareculturalaswell.Peopleofdifferentclassesmaydifferinthekindofnewspapertheyread,inthewaytheyspeakandinthekindofeducationtheyreceive.OneofthedistinctivefeaturesabouttheBritishclasssystemisthatitretainsahereditaryaristocracy(世袭贵族).
Britishsocietyisoftenseenasasocietyinwhich"class"ismoreimportantthaninothercountries.Thisistruetoacertainextentinthatthereexistbroadgroupswithinsocietywhichsharetypesofemployment,incomelevels,andcertainculturalcharacteristicsButimportanttheideaof"class"isthatitmakesadifferencetoanindividual's"life-chances"whichgrouporclassheorsheisborninto.Soifamiddle-classcouple(perhapsadoctorandateacher)haveachilditismorelikelythatthatchildwillalsoacquiremiddle-classeducation,employmentandincomelevels,thanwillthechildofworking-classfactoryworkers.ThisiscertainlythecaseintheUK,thoughitshouldbestressedthatitisfarfromimpossiblefortheworking-classchildtoacquiremiddle-classstatus:
altissimplystatisticallymuchmoreunlikelythanforhismiddle-classschool-friend.
Ifasked,abouthalftheBritishpopulationwoulddescribethemselvesasmiddle-class,andhalfasworking-class.Employmentwouldbethemainguidetheywoulduse:
manual(orblue-collar")workerswouldusuallycallthemselvesworking-classandoffice(or"whitecollar'')workerswouldusuallycallthemselvesmiddle-class.Howeverthereisahazyareaaroundunskilledoffice-workandskilledwell-paidmanualworkwhichleadstosub-divisionssuchas"lowermiddle-class"beingused;andtheterm"uppermiddle-class"mightbeusedtodescribedoctorsandlawyersandsoonwhohaverelativelyhighincomesandhigh-statusprofessionsespeciallyinfamilieswithlongtraditionsofsuchemployment?
Thiswoulddifferentiatethemfromthemajorityofmiddle-classpeopletoday,mostofwhomhaveworkingclassparentsorgrand-parents.Thisreflectsthehugeexpansionofthemiddle-classoverthetwentiethcentury,andespeciallysince1945,whenmoreequalsocialpolicieswereadoptedbythegovernment.
HowdoestheBritishclimateinfluencecharactersofEnglishpeople?
Othercountrieshaveaclimate;inEnglandwehaveweather.Thisstatement,oftenmadebyEnglishmentodescribethepeculiarmeteorological([,mi:
tiərə'lɔdʒikəl]气象的)conditionsoftheircountry,isbothrevealingandtrue.ItisrevealingbecauseinitweseetheEnglishmaninsistingonceagainthatwhathappensinEnglandisnotthesameaswhathappenselsewhere.
InnocountryotherthanEngland,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday!
InEnglandonecanexperiencealmosteverykindofweatherexceptthemostextreme.Thesnag(障碍)isthatwenevercanbesurewhenthedifferenttypesofweatherwilloccur.ThisuncertaintyabouttheweatherhashadadefiniteeffectupontheEnglishman’scharacter;ittendstomakehimcautious.TheforeignermaylaughwhenheseestheEnglishmansettingforthonabrilliantlysunnymorningwearingaraincoatandcarryinganumbrella,buthemaywellregrethislaughterlaterintheday!
TheEnglishweatherhasalsohelpedtomaketheEnglishmanadaptable.IthasbeensaidthatoneofthereasonswhytheEnglishcolonizedsomuchoftheworldwasthat,whatevertheweatherconditionstheymetabroad,theyhadalreadyexperiencedsomethinglikethemathome!
HowdoyoudescribethelandfeaturesofGreatBritain?
TheUnitedKingdomisborderedonthesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromthecontinentofEurope.ItisborderedontheeastbytheNorthSeaandonthewestbytheIrishSeaandtheAtlanticOcean.TheUnitedKingdom’sonlylandborderwithanothernationisbetweenNorthernIrelandandIreland.Itcanbedividedintotwomajornaturalregions-thehighlandzoneandthelowlandzone.Thehighlandzoneisanareaofhighhillsandmountainsinthenorthandwest.Wales,Scotland,andpartsofEnglandarelocatedinthehighlandzone.ThepartsofEnglandinthehighlandzoneincludethePennineChain(奔宁山脉)ofmountains,extendingdownintonorthernEnglandandintothesouthwesternpeninsula.ThePennineChainissometimescalledthebackboneofEngland.Thelowlandoneinthesouthandeastconsistsmostlyofrollingplains(波状平原).ThezonesaredividedbyanimaginarylinerunningthroughEnglandfromtheRiverExe(埃克斯河)onthesouthwestcoasttothemouthoftheRiverTees(蒂斯河)onthenortheastcoast.
Thelowlandzonehasamilderclimateandbettersoilsforfarming.Historically,mostpeopleinBritainhavelivedinthelowlandzoneratherthanintheharsherhighlandzone.ThemetropolisofLondonandmostofBritain'slargecitiesarelocatedinthelowlandzone.
SinceBritainhasamoistclimatewithmuchrainfall,riversandlakesarenumerous.TheThames(泰晤士河)andtheSevern(塞文河)arethelongestriversinBritainandarealmostequalinlength.TheSevernflowssouthoutofthemountainsofcentralWalestotheBristolChannel(布里斯托儿海峡)atBristol.TheThamesprovideswatertothecityofLondonandisusedtocarrycommercialfreight.
GreatBritain'scoastlineishighlyirregular,withmanybaysandinlets(水湾)thatprovideharborsandsheltersforshipsandboats.Coastalmadeinvolvingshipssailingalongthecoasthasbeencarded(整治)onsinceancienttimes.TheWesterncoastischaracterizedbycliffsandrockyheadlands(岬)
WhatarethemaincharactersofBritishcountryside?
AlthoughBritainisquitesmallandhasalargepopulation,therearestillalotoffieldsandtreesbetweentowns,andevenfromthebiggestcitiesit'snotdifficulttogettothecountryside.
Muchofthecountrysideisofcoursefarmlandbutthereareoftenpathsthroughthefields,calledpublicfootpaths.Thereisalsoplentyofwildercountryyoucangetto,andmuchofthisisinNationalParksandNationalForestParks.
SomethingyoumaynoticeabouttheBritishcountrysideisthatinmanyareasitchangesalotinashortdistance.Infact,thechangingviewisoneofthenicestthingsabouttravelingthroughBritain.
NorthernIrelandhasfirst-classgolfcourses(高尔夫球场)andplacesforfishing,walkingandwatersports.Castles,cottages,placeswherefamouspeoplehavelived,thingsbuiltbeforehistorywaswrittenandhouseswherethingsarekeptastheywereinthepast.Ifyou’reinterestedinchurches,therearethousandsofallkinds,fromcathedrals(大教堂)tolittlecountrychurches.
Environmentalprotection
EnvironmentalprotectionisanimportantissueintheUnitedKingdom.Asahighlypopulatedandtechnologicallyadvancednationgrows,theenvironmentsuffers.TheUnitedKingdom,alongwithotherprosperingnations,hascontributedfundsandexpertisetowardglobaleffortstopreservetheenvironment.In1997,20.5%oftheUnitedKingdomwasprotectedbynationalparks,regionalparks,andsmallerprotectedareas.
Britainhasbecomeanurbanizednation.Thecitiesplayedveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentofeconomy.
Race
1.majorityofrecentimmigrants:
SouthAsia—India,PakistanandSriLankaandCaribbeancountries—JamaicaandTrinidad(特立尼达岛)
2.Effects
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