劳动经济学7.ppt
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劳动经济学7.ppt
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AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000Chapter7LaborSupply:
HouseholdProduction,theFamily,andtheLifeCycleAddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000ContentsHouseholdproductionLife-cycleaspectsoflaborsupplyLaborsupplyoverthebusinesscycleAddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000HouseholdProductionasNon-MarketWork“Leisure”isreallyaformofworkProducehouseholdcommoditiesChildrearingCleaningthehouseCookingCountingbothmarketandnonmarketworkMarriedmenandwomenworksimilarhoursUnmarriedmenandwomenworksimilarhoursWomenallocatemorehourstothenonmarketsectorthanmen.AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000EvidenceofTimeBudgetDataAddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000PurposeofStudyingHouseholdProductionExplainpatternsofhouseholdtimeallocation.TheallocationoftimebetweenhouseworkandmarketworkTheallocationoftimebetweenhousework,marketwork,andleisureThedivisionoflaborinahouseholdsFertilitybehavior?
AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000TheTheoryofHouseholdProduction(Becker)Objective:
Maximizegoodsconsumedbythehousehold(Z)Examples:
Raisingchildren,seeingamovieU=U(Z)Thehouseholdcommodityisproducedwithtwoinputs:
Householdproductiontime(H)purchasedgoodsorservices(X)Householdsarebothproductionandconsumptionunits.AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000HouseholdProductionFunctionZ=Z(X,H),properties:
PositivemarginalproductsDiminishingmarginalproduct,DiminishingTRSSubstitutingtheproductionintoutilityfunctionyieldsU(Z)=U(Z(X,H)Thismayberepresentedbyanisoquant.Higherisoquantsgivehigherutility.AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000HouseholdtimePurchasedgoodsorservicesZ0Z1AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000BudgetConstraintPurchasedcommodityispaidforbyearningsfrommarketworkX=wNwhereNisworkinghoursHomeandmarkethourssatisfytimebudgetconstraintH+N=TOr,X+wH=wTAddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000TheOptimalChoiceTheproblemisre-writtenas:
MaxU(Z(X,H)s.t.X+wH=wTOptimalchoice:
|MRTS|=wAddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000TheProductionofChildCareFigure7.1AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000ComparativeStaticAnalysisIncomeeffectMarriageinstabilityMarketwagegoesupWomenseducationIncomeeffectsreducemarkettimeSubstitutioneffectsincreasemarkettimeTechnologyinhomeproductionEasiertosubstitutetimeforpurchasedgoodsUtilityisoquantbecomesflatterIncreasemarkettimeAddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000TheTripartiteChoice(Gronau)MarketWork,HouseholdWorkandLeisureUtilitycomesfromconsuminggoods(X)andleisure(L):
U(X,L)Xiscomposedoftwotypesofgoods:
Homeproduced()Marketgoodspurchasedusingearnings()Householdproductionfunction:
Budgetconstraintformarketgoods:
Timeconstraint:
H+N+L=TAddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000ExplainingLSofMenandWomenStylizedfactonlaborsupply:
Atlowfemaleparticipation,substitutioneffecttendedtodominateincomeeffect.Athighparticipation,substitutioneffectfades,andTherelativesizeofthetwoeffectsofmenandwomenhasbeguntoconverge.Explanation:
Substitutionbetweenmarketandhouseholdworkiseasieratlowparticipation,andharderathighparticipation.Substitutionbetweenmarketworkandleisureismoredifficult.AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000Largevs.SmallSubstitutionEffectsAttendanttoaWageIncreaseFigure7.2AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000WorkandLeisure:
Pastvs.Present(Fogel)1880(weekly)Adultmale:
Market:
66.5hrs;Household:
14hrs;Personalcare:
75hrs;Leisure:
12.5hrsAdultfemale:
Leisure:
10.5hrs1980(weekly)Adultmale:
Market:
44hrs;household:
13.8hrs;Personalcare:
68.2hrs;Leisure:
41.8hrsAdultfemale:
Leisure:
41.9hrsLifetimechangeEntermarket5yrslater;afterretirement11yrslongerDiscretionarytime:
225,000to298,500hrsLifetimeleisure:
43,800to176,100hrsLeisuresshare:
20%to60%AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000JointHHLaborSupplyDecisionsSingledecisionmodelCrosseffectsSpecializationBargainingmodelCooperativegameIndependentdecisionNon-cooperativegameAddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000FamilyLaborSupplyUtilityfunctionforthefamilyBudgetconstraintOptimaldecisionintwodimensions:
LFparticipationHoursofworkBothareaffectedbythewagerateofthespouse.AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000EmpiricalEvidenceonCrossWageEffectSupportsthenotionthatFamilylaborsupplyajointdecisionFemaleLSmoreresponsivetochangesinspouseswagerate.A10%increaseinthehusbandswagelowerstheLFPRofwomenby5.3ppts.reducesthehoursthatworkingwivesallocatetothelabormarketby1.7%.Thereislittleevidencethathusbandslaborsupplyisaffectedbythewifeswagerate.AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000SpecializationintheHousehold(Blauetal.)Twopeople:
JackandJill;twogoods:
MarketgoodsandhomegoodsJackismoreproductiveatworkthanJillJillismoreproductiveathomethanJackBothhaveatimeconstraintof10hoursAddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000DerivingproductionpossibilityfrontiersJack:
Jill:
AddisonWesleyLongman,Inc.2000JackandJillsProductionSetsAd
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