英语二考研英语真题.docx
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英语二考研英语真题.docx
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英语二考研英语真题
2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语
(二)试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
It’snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,1,tounderstandtheirnegativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.2oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.
TravelonaLondonbusandyou’ll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?
Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?
Ofcourse!
Arethereinspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?
Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?
Theyare5.Howaboutjumpinglights?
Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.
Why?
Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.7,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere8orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.
Thereisanother12:
peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou
13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?
Tailwinds?
Ofcoursenot!
Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight.
The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16others.Everythingcanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa17.Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.
Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter20theobjective.
1.[A]therefore
[B]however
[C]again
[D]moreover
2.[A]Emphasize
[B]Identify
[C]Access
[D]Explain
3.[A]nearly
[B]curiously
[C]eagerly
[D]quickly
4.[A]claim
[B]prove
[C]check
[D]recall
5.[A]ignored
[B]threatened
[C]mocked
[D]blamed
6.[A]punctuality
[B]hospitality
[C]competition
[D]innovation
7.[A]Yet
[B]So
[C]Besides
[D]Still
8.[A]hired
[B]trained
[C]rewarded
[D]grouped
9.[A]only
[B]rather
[C]once
[D]also
10.[A]comfort
[B]revenue
[C]efficiency
[D]security
11.[A]friendly
[B]quiet
[C]cautious
[D]diligent
12.[A]purpose
[B]problem
[C]prejudice
[D]policy
13.[A]reported
[B]revealed
[C]admitted
[D]noticed
14.[A]break
[B]trip
[C]department
[D]transfer
15.[A]moral
[B]background
[C]style
[D]form
16.[A]interpret
[B]criticize
[C]sacrifice
[D]tolerate
17.[A]task
[B]secret
[C]protect
[D]cost
18.[A]leadingto
[B]callingfor
[C]relatingto
[D]accountingfor
19.[A]specify
[B]predict
[C]restore
[D]create
20.[A]modify
[B]review
[C]present
[D]achieve
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
“Reskilling”issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbyWEFdetailedintheHarvardBusinessReview,findsthatonaverage42percentofthe“coreskills”withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline,sowecanonlyimaginewhatthechangeswillbefurtherinthefuture.
Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerindemandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassivereskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy,ultimatelyretraining18,000employers.Prepandemic,othercompaniesincludingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomythough,thefocususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkers,evenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.
Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5percentand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworkershortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfiled,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.
Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobeadoctorinafewweeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden:
whenforcedtofurlough90percentoftheircabinstaff,ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedtostartupashortretrainingprogramthatreskilledthelaid-offworkerstosupporthospitalstaff.TheeffortwasacollectiveoneandinvolvedothercompaniesaswellasaSwedishuniversity.
21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests.
[A]acontroversyaboutthe“coreskills”
[B]anincreaseinfull-timeemployment
[C]anurgentdemandfornewjobskills
[D]asteadygrowthofjobopportunities
22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow.
[A]animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport
[B]analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy
[C]thecharacteristicsofreskillingprograms
[D]theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards
23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada.
[A]haveappearedtobeinsufficient
[B]havedrivenuplabourcosts
[C]haveprovedtobeinconsistent
[D]havemetwithfierceopposition
24.WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas.
[A]asignofeconomicrecovery
[B]acallforpolicyadjustment
[C]achangeonhiringpractices
[D]alackofmedicalworkers
25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto.
[A]createjobvacanciesfortheunemployed
[B]retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices
[C]preparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobs
[D]financetheirstaff’scollegeeducation
Text2
Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:
Brexit.
BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenation’shealth.Soundsgreat–buthowfeasibleisthisvision?
AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry’stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn’tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.
Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively–meaningfewergreenfields,andmorefactory-styleproduction.
Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn’thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:
mostofitsterraindoesn’thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry’slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg–whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes–wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.
Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.
26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould.
[A]behinderedbyitspopulationgrowth
[B]contributetothenation'swell-being
[C]becomeapriorityofthegovernment
[D]poseachallengetoitsfarmingindustry
27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK.
[A]farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilized
[B]factory-styleproductionneedsreforming
[C]mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproduction
[D]moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarming
28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto.
[A]itsfa
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