Writing a paper4 Introduction.docx
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Writing a paper4 Introduction.docx
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Writingapaper4Introduction
Writingapaper-4Introduction
Writingandpublishingapaper4.HowtowritetheIntroductionFirst:
mattersarisingfromlastweek
SelectingandimprovingadifficultsentenceGenerallyexcellent.WrittenEnglishverygood.Twowaysofimprovingclarity:
Puttingthesubjectatthestart.Splittingalongsentenceintotwoshortersentences.
Puttingthesubjectatthestart.1.“Whenwehadreadthesentencecarefully,itwaseasiertounderstand.”Better2.“Itwaseasiertounderstandthesentencewhenwehadreaditcarefully.”Or3.“Thesentencewaseasiertounderstandwhenwehadreaditcarefully.”BUTalternative3isinthepassivetense.GenerallylesslivelythanGenerallyexcellent.WrittenEnglishverygood.theactive.
Splittingalongsentenceintotwoshortersentences.Remember“Thelazerbeamwasredandcouldbeusedtomakeattractivepatterns.”“Thelazerbeamwasveryintensesotheengineersneededtobecareful.”Together“Thelazerbeamwasredandcouldbeusedtomakeattractivepatternsbutitwasveryintensesotheengineersneededtobecareful.”
TheIntroductionistherealstartofthepaperTitleAbstract(Reviewofwhathasalreadybeenpublishedonthegeneralsubject)EachofthesestandaloneIntroduction–Methods–Results-DiscussionAllgotogether
Howdoesonestart?
Whatdoesonewanttosay?
BecertainRememberWatson&Crick.RememberDesholm.Lookattheintroductiontoyourpaper
Howdoesonestart?
Towhomdoesonewanttosayit?
Everyone?
Justthoseinyourarea?
Both!
Howdoesonestart?
Inthisarea,Iseethisneedingtobedone/thisquestionanswered.ThisishowIhavetriedtodoit/findananswer.OrwhateverYOUseeasthebestwayofintroducingwhatyouarereporting
SuggestionsabouthowtoorganiseanintroductionThefour-movescheme1.Establishingthefield.2.Descriptionofpreviousworkinthefield.3.Establishinglinksbetweenpreviousworkandtheauthor'spresentwork.4.Introducingpresentwork.OK
Move1.EstablishingthefieldassertionofcentralitycurrentstateofknowledgeExample1.Introduction.AnelaboratesystemofmarkingofsocialdistanceandrespectisfoundinthemorphologyofNahautlasspokenincommunitiesoftheMalinchevolcanoareaintheMexicanstatesofTiazcalaandPeubla.Thecomplexityofthemorphologyinvolved,thesemanticrangeoftheelements,andvariationinthesysteminuseraisequestionsofconsiderableinterestforourunderstandingoftheformandfunctionofsuchsystems,bothinNahuatlitselfandinotherlanguages.a)Indicatinginterest:
Boring!
i)Recently,therehasbeenaspateofinterestinhowto?
?
?
ii)Inrecentyears,appliedresearchershavebecomeincreasinglyinterestedin?
?
?
iii)Thepossibilitythat?
?
?
hasgeneratedinterestinthedevelopmentof?
?
?
iv)Thecomplexityofthe?
?
?
raisesquestionsofconsiderableinterestforourunderstandingof?
?
?
b)Indicatingimportancesi)Knowledgeofthepreciseequationhasagreatimportanceforthedescriptionof?
?
?
No-onecanwritebyasetofrules.Youarefreetowriteasyouseefit.Youhavesomethingworthwhiletosaythinkaboutthepeopleyouwanttosaytothinkabouthowyouwanttosayittothem,thenwrite.
SomegeneralpointsaboutwritingWhatgivesimpacttoascientificormathematicalpaper?
1.Presentingasolutiontoamajorproblem.2.Gettingthemessageacross:
clarity,structureandstyle
Watson&Crick,1953.Whatdoyouthinkofthis?
Aretheywritingaboutamajorproblem?
Isitclear?
AStructureforDeoxyriboseNucleicAcidWewishtosuggestastructureforthesaltofdeoxyribosenucleicacid(D.N.A.).Thisstructurehasnovelfeatureswhichareofconsiderablebiologicalinterest.
Desholm,2003.Whatdoyouthinkofthis?
Ishewritingaboutamajorproblem?
Isitclear?
Avianmigrationhasattractedconsiderableresearchattention,notleastfordescribingthegeneralmigrationpatternsoflongdistancemigrants,e.g.routesandoverallflightdistances(Alerstam1990,Berthold1993,AlerstamandHedenstr?
m1998).Conventionally,theloxodromicororthodromicdistances(sensuImbodenandImboden1972)travelledbymigratingbirdshavebeencalculatedeitheratalargescalebyjoiningringingandrecoverylocalities(AlerstamandPettersson1991,Elphic1995,Alerstametal.2001,Bairlein2001),ormorepreciselyatamediumscalebymeasuringthedistancesbetweenaseriesofsatellitetelemetrypositions(Gudmundssonetal.1995,ClausenandBustnes1998,Greenetal.2002).Thus,thetotaldistanceofabird’sflightpathwillalwaysbeamatterofscale,withoveralldistancesbecominglongerthesmallersteplengthsthatareusedforthemeasurements.
AnotherexampleIshewritingaboutamajorproblem?
Isitclear?
CharlesDarwin.TheOriginofSpecies.1859.Prefacetothefirstedition.“WHENonboardH.M.S.Beagle,asnaturalist,IwasmuchstruckwithcertainfactsinthedistributionoftheinhabitantsofSouthAmerica,andinthegeologicalrelationsofthepresenttothepastinhabitantsofthatcontinent.Thesefactsseemedtometothrowsomelightontheoriginofspecies-thatmysteryofmysteries,asithasbeencalledbyoneofourgreatestphilosophers.”
Writing-clarityWhatmakeseffectivewriting?
Beclear,unambiguousandconcise.Bereadable.Usevariety:
avoidrepetition.
Writing-structureClearprogression-e.g.introduction,methods,results,conclusions.
Writing-styleTenor-declarative,modest,confident(notcondescendingorarrogant)WatsonandCrick?
Desholm?
Watson&Crick,1953.Whatdoyouthinkofthis?
Howwouldyoudescribethisstyle?
Modest?
Confident?
Arrogant?
AStructureforDeoxyriboseNucleicAcidWewishtosuggestastructureforthesaltofdeoxyribosenucleicacid(D.N.A.).Thisstructurehasnovelfeatureswhichareofconsiderablebiologicalinterest.
Desholm,2003.Whatdoyouthinkofthis?
Howwouldyoudescribethisstyle?
Aggressive?
Confident?
Modest?
Avianmigrationhasattractedconsiderableresearchattention,notleastfordescribingthegeneralmigrationpatternsoflongdistancemigrants,e.g.routesandoverallflightdistances(Alerstam1990,Berthold1993,AlerstamandHedenstr?
m1998).Conventionally,theloxodromicororthodromicdistances(sensuImbodenandImboden1972)travelledbymigratingbirdshavebeencalculatedeitheratalargescalebyjoiningringingandrecoverylocalities(AlerstamandPettersson1991,Elphic1995,Alerstametal.2001,Bairlein2001),ormorepreciselyatamediumscalebymeasuringthedistancesbetweenaseriesofsatellitetelemetrypositions(Gudmundssonetal.1995,ClausenandBustnes1998,Greenetal.2002).Thus,thetotaldistanceofabird’sflightpathwillalwaysbeamatterofscale,withoveralldistancesbecominglongerthesmallersteplengthsthatareusedforthemeasurements.
AnotherexampleWhatsortofstyledoesDarwinhave?
Condescending?
Aggressive?
Declarative?
CharlesDarwin.TheOriginofSpecies.1859.Prefacetothefirstedition.“WHENonboardH.M.S.Beagle,asnaturalist,IwasmuchstruckwithcertainfactsinthedistributionoftheinhabitantsofSouthAmerica,andinthegeologicalrelationsofthepresenttothepastinhabitantsofthatcontinent.Thesefactsseemedtometothrowsomelightontheoriginofspecies-thatmysteryofmysteries,asithasbeencalledbyoneofourgreatestphilosophers.”
Writing-style“Scientific”?
writingWritingiseitherlivelyordull.Theactivevoiceislivelierthanthepassive.Thepassiveisappropriateinplaces.Newton,DarwinandWatsonandCrickallbegantheirmajorworksinthefirstperson.
Writing?
Spellingandpunctuationmustbeaccurate?
Correctgrammarisessential?
ClearformattinghelpsAvoidabbreviationsandjargon
Twomattersthatariseintheintroduction1.Youarepubliclyclaimingtomakeanadvanceonotherpeople’swork.Itisimportanttobepolitewhendoingso.2.Thereareconventionsthathelpeveryonetounderstand.Itisimportanttoobservetheseconventions.
PolitenessAStructureforDeoxyriboseNucleicAcidWewishtosuggestastructureforthesaltofdeoxyribosenucleicacid(D.N.A.).Thisstructurehasnovelfeatureswhichareofconsiderablebiologicalinterest.AstructurefornucleicacidhasalreadybeenproposedbyPaulingandCorey
(1).Theykindlymadetheirmanuscriptavailabletousinadvanceofpublication.Theirmodelconsistsofthreeintertwinedchains,withthephosphatesnearthefibreaxis,andthebasesontheoutside.Inouropinion,thisstructureisunsatisfactoryfortworeasons:
(1)WebelievethatthematerialwhichgivestheX-raydiagramsisthesalt,notthefreeacid.Withouttheacidichydrogenatomsitisnotclearwhatforceswouldholdthestructuretogether,especiallyasthenegativelychargedphosphatesneartheaxiswillrepeleachother.
(2)SomeofthevanderWaalsdistancesappeartobetoosmall.
OtherexamplesofpolitenessWeshallconsiderthisagainlater
Conventions:
LatinnamesHomosapiensL.genericnamespecificepithetauthorityTheLatinname(oritsabbreviation)goinitalics.Inhandwriting,theyareunderlined.NamesoffamiliesandhighertaxadonotArbutusunedo(Ericaceae)
LatinnamesHomosapiensL.Writethenameinfullwhenfirstmentioned.Afterthat-abbreviateH.sapiens
Conventions:
ChemicalnamesMathematicalsymbolsOthersFormgroupsofpeopleinthesamesubject.Makealistofconventionswithanexample.Comparelists.GivealistforeachsubjectareatoProfessorCramattheendofthesession.
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