第一章全部教案.docx
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第一章全部教案.docx
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第一章全部教案
CHAPTER1
GlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)
1.1GMDSSOverview
1.1.1General
92年以前,使用morse技术,船舶上只有一名经过特殊培训的电报员可以胜任,具有较大的局限性。
70年代,第11次IMO(InternationalMaritimeOrganization)大会,考虑到技术水平的允许,决定建立新的全球海上安全系统(GMDSS)。
88年11月,有关的海上人命安全的“74SOLAS公约”缔约国大会批准“74SOLAS公约88修正案”。
1.基本概念:
岸上(shorebased)当局及遇难船附近的船舶迅速接警,并且尽快提供救援。
发挥了岸上机构的积极作用。
2.适用的船舶:
从事国际航行的一切客轮
≥300总吨的货轮
注:
北美五大湖及其东到加拿大魁北克蒙特利尔的圣拉姆特船闸下游出口处为止的相连水域及其支流内的船舶除外。
3.GMDSS的组成:
A
B
C
INMARSATM
卫星系统(satellite)F
E
D/D+
GMDSSCOSPAS-SARSAT(EPIRB)
VHF
MF/HF
地面系统NAVTEX
SART(SearchAndRescueTransponder)
GMDSSwasintroducedtoprovideacomprehensivecommunicationsystemavailableforusefordistressandsearchandrescue(SAR)operations.GMDSSisanenhancedSearchAndRescue(SAR)systemusingautomaticandadvancedsatelliteandMF/HF/VHFradiocommunicationtechnology.Thesystemisacombinationof:
●Satellitecommunications;
●MF/HF/VHFRadiotelephony;
●Radiotelex(DirectPrintingTelegraphy);
●SearchAndRescueRadarTransponders(SARTs);
●SatelliteEPIRBs;
●Datatransmission;and
●DigitalSelectiveCalling(DSC).
1.1.2GMDSSFunctions基本功能
TheconceptofGMDSSlaysdown(支持)ninespecificfunctionswhichallshipsneedtobeabletoperformirrespectiveofwhichseaareatheywillbeoperatingin.Thesefunctionsare:
(a)Transmittingshiptoshoredistressalerts(byatleasttwoseparateandindependentmethods,eachusingadifferentradiocommunicationservice);
独立的设备、独立的业务中进行报警
(b)Transmittingandreceivingshiptoshipdistressalerts;
收发船对船的报警
(c)Receivingshoretoshipdistressalerts;
接收岸对船的报警
(d)Transmittingandreceivingsearchandrescuecoordinatingcommunications;
收发搜救协调通信
(e)Transmittingandreceivingon-scenecommunications;
收发现场通信
(f)Transmissionandreceiptoflocatingsignals;
收发定位信号:
SART--------9GHZ雷达
EPIRB
(g)Receiptofmaritimesafetyinformation(MSI);
接收海上安全信息:
NAVTEXEGC
(h)Transmittingandreceivinggeneralradiocommunicationstoandfromshorebasedradiosystemsornetworks;
常规通信---------业务量最大
(i)Transmittingandreceivingbridgetobridgecommunications.
驾驶台对驾驶台通信-----------VHF
定义:
遇险报警:
Distressalerts:
Thedistressalertingsignalsaretransmittedbyavesselindistressprimarilytoshore-basedauthoritiesaswellasshippinginthevicinitytoindicatethatthevesselisinimminentdangerandrequiresassistance.
搜救协调通信----搜救机构和遇难船,以及和参与搜救行动的搜救单元之间的通信:
船舶,飞行器,其他搜救单元;
SARcoordinatingcommunication:
ThisrelatestocommunicationbetweenshipsandaircrafttakingpartinSARactivitiesandincludescommunicationtoandfromRescueCoordinationCenters(RCCs)bytheon-scenecommanderinthedistressarea.
现场通信-----遇难船和救助船
遇难船和其他救助单元
RTCH162182TLX2174.5KHZ
On-scenecommunications:
TheserelatetocommunicationassociatedwithSARactivitiesandnormallyusingRTorNBDPonthedesignatedsafetyfrequenciesintheMFandVHFbands.SimplexisusedonRTandForwardErrorCorrection(FEC)modeisusedwithNBDP.
寻位信号:
保障迅速对遇难船只或人员定位,提高搜救的成功几率
Locatingsignals:
Theseimprovethechanceofsurvival,theyareusedashomingdevices(归航设备)tolocateadistressedvesseland/orsurvivorsbytransmittingsignalswhichcanbereceivedasdistinctivesignalsonthesearchingshiporaircraft'sradar.(9GHZ)
海上安全信息-----航行警告、气象警告、气象预报
播发方式:
NAVTEXEGCNBDP
Maritimesafetyinformation(MSI):
GMDSSprovidesfordissemination(发布)ofimportantnavigational,meteorologicalinformationtoshippingbyautomaticmeansondifferentfrequencybandstoensuremaximumcoverage.
常规通信:
日常信息的往来telephone,telex,data,e-mail,fax
Generalradiocommunication:
Thisisdesignedtocopewith(应对)whatbyfarwillbethemostwidelyusedoftheninefunctionslisted,namelygeneralcommercialradiotraffic,eithershiptoshore,shoretoshiporintership.Thismaybeintheformoftelephone,telex,dataexchangeetc.onallthenecessaryfrequenciestoprovideagoodqualityservice.
驾驶台对驾驶台通信:
船舶的操纵、避让
ITU“无线电规则”CH13
我国“水上无线电规则”CH06
Bridgetobridgecommunications:
AVHF(Channel13)RTserviceavailableforintershipcommunicationrelatingtotheassistanceofthesafemovementofshipping.
小结:
遇险报警;海上安全信息→单向
搜救协调通信;现场通信;寻位信号;
驾驶台对驾驶台通信;常规通信→双向
TheGMDSSprovidesmethodstoenablevesselsindistresstotransmitalertingsignalswhichindicatethattheyrequireassistance.TheprimaryobjectofGMDSSistoalertshore-basedauthorities,usuallyaRescueCo-ordinationCenter(RCC),thatavesselisinimminentdangerwhocanthencoordinatesearchandrescueoperations.
Underinternationalagreementallshipsareobligedtogototheassistanceofanyothervesselsindistress.ThesituationbeforeGMDSSisforshipsindistresstorelyonothershipstocometotheirassistanceafteradistressmessagehasbeentransmitted.Thissystemreliesonshort-rangeinter-shipcommunication,whichhasprovedeffectiveincongestedwaters,buthascertaindisadvantagesinlesspopulatedseaareas.Assistancefromshore-basedauthoritiescouldbelimitedincertainpartsoftheworld.
TheconceptofGMDSSwastoovercomesomeofthelimitationsofconventionalterrestrialdistresscommunicationsbyintroducingsatellitecommunicationswhichhasadvantagesforalertingandlocatingvesselsduringemergencies.ThusIMOpressedfor(迫切要求)theintroductionofasatellitecommunicationsystemexclusivelydevotedtomaritimepurposesandfromthistheGMDSSeventuallyarrived.
TheInternationalConventiononMaritimeSearchandRescueestablishedanagreedinternationalplannedapproachtoSAR(建立有计划的搜救).Tothisendtheworldhasbeendividedinto13areasforSARpurposesandtheOrganization,cooperation/operatingproceduresandshipreportingsystemshavebeenstandardised.SARneededtobestandardizedinternationallyandtheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS)Conventionrequiressignatoriestoproviderescueservicesandcoastwatchingservicesalongtheirshorelines.TheIMOSearchandRescueConventioncameintoforcein1985.ThisprovidedcoordinationofSARandassistancetoanyoneindistressatsea.Oceanareasweredividedintonationalsearchandrescueregions(SRRs)whereoneormoremaritimerescuecoordinationcentres(MRCCs)controlallmaritimeSARactivities.AtpresentSRRsdonotexisteverywhere,soSARcoordinationwilldifferfromtheconventiontheory.OutsidecoastalwatersthereforetheprimeSARresourcewillstillbeothershipsintheimmediatearea.
新旧系统对船舶配备设备的衡量方式不同
GMDSSdeterminesthewayinwhichradioequipmentisfittedtoaship,underthe1974SOLASConventionthisisbasedontonnagewhilethenewsystemswitchestheemphasisontothevessel'stradingpatterntodeterminethetypeofequipmentfitted.Tothisendfourdistinctseaareashavebeendesignated.TheGMDSSalsoswitchestheemphasisawayfromshiptoshipdistressalertingusingMorsecodetoshiptoshorealertingusingautomatedmeans.ItshouldbenotedthatalthoughsatellitecommunicationisamajorcommunicationmediumofGMDSS,itisnottheexclusivemedium.Otherautomatedmeansarealsoavailablesuchasdigitalselectivecalling(DSC)andradiotelex,bothservicesusingtheterrestrialmaritimefrequencybands.
1.1.3GMDSSAreas海区的划分-----重要概念
Shipsradioequipmenthasbeenconsideredintermsoftherangeofthecommunicationssysteminuseandtheareasinwhichtheshipwilltrade,thusfourareashavebeenspecified.
AreaA1-AnareawithinthecoveragerangeofatleastoneVHFcoaststationinwhichcontinuousDSCalertingisavailable.Thisisapproximately20-30miles,i.e.lineofsight.
AreaA2-Withinthecoverageareaofashore-basedMFcoaststationoperatinginthe2-3MHzbandinwhichcontinuousDSCalertingisavailable,approximately100milesrange.ExcludesareaAl.
AreaA3-ThisexcludesareasAlandA2.ItistheareawithinthecoverageofanINMARSATgeostationarysatelliteinwhichcontinuousalertingisavailable.
AreaA4-TheremainingseaareaoutsideareasAl,A2andA3
1.2CARRIAGEREQUIREMENTSOFSHIPSTATIONS
船舶设备的配备要求
1.2.1Carriagerequirements配备要求
PartCoftheSOLASAmendments,1988providesinformationontheequipmentrequiredbyGMDSSshipsandthealternativearrangementspermittedinthevariousseaareas.
CarriagerequirementsforGMDSSshipsmaybesummarized(概括)asfollows:
●SeaAreaAl:
VHFequipmentandeitheraVHFEPIRBorasatelliteEPIRB.
●SeaAreaA2:
VHFandMFequipmentandasatelliteEPIRB.
●SeaAreaA3:
VHF,MF,asatelliteEPIRBandeitherHForsatellitecommunicationsequipment.
●SeaAreaA4:
VHF,MFandHFequipmentandasatelliteEPIRB;and,
●AllshipswillcarryequipmentforreceivingMSIbroadcasts.
注意A4和A3区的区别
〖ExampleofcarriagerequirementsforAreaA3isgivenasfollows:
AreaA3
(a)VHFradiotelephone;
(b)VHFDSConChannel70;
(c)VHFDSCwatchreceiver
(d)SART(Two);
(e)NAVTEXreceiver;
(f)EnhancedGroupCall(EGC)andprinterrequiredifoutsideNAVTEXcoverage;
(g)406MHzEPIRBfloatfreeor1.6GhzEPIRBfloatfree;
(h)2182kHzwatchreceiverplusanAutomaticSignalGeneratingDevice(ASGD)requireduntil1February1999;
(i)MFradiotelephonewithDSC;
(j)MFwatchreceiverdedicatedto2187.5kHzonitem(in)below;
(k)MFDSCencoder/decoder(thismaybecombinedwithitems(i),and(m);
(1)INMARSATMESorinsteadof
(1)above;
(m)MF/HFplusDSC(scanningwatch)receiverplusnarrowbanddirectprinting(NBDP).〗
1.2.2Meansofensuringavailabilityofshipstationequipment
设备可操作性的保障
1.确保设备的可操作性的基本方法
双套设备Duplicationofequipment(DOE);
岸上维修Shore-basedmaintenance(SBM);
海上维修At-seaelectronicmaintenance(ASM).
A1,A2海区三种方法选一
A3,A4海区三种方法选二
2.双套设备的具体定义应该由各主管机关决定
3.海上维修的要求:
G/O应该注意“岸基协议”
JR
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