作为一个可持续商业的电子商务.docx
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作为一个可持续商业的电子商务.docx
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作为一个可持续商业的电子商务
文献信息
标题:
ElectronicCommerceasaSustainableBusiness
作者:
Gorgani,MohammadRezaNemat
出版物名称:
EuropeanJournalofSustainableDevelopment
卷:
3
期:
3
页:
141-148
页数:
8
出版年份:
2014
出版日期:
2014
年份:
2014
出版商:
EuropeanCenterofSustainableDevelopment
出版物地点:
Rome
原文
ElectronicCommerceasaSustainableBusiness
ABSTRACT
Environment,societies,andeconomyarethescopeofsustainabilityineachcommunity.Electroniccommerce(e-commerce)israpidlydevelopingduetoitspotentialasagreenbusiness,democraticpartnershipandeconomicopportunity.Irantodatehasgrappledwithasignificantdeclineineconomicactivityacrossmultipleeconomicsectors,lastingmorethanafewmonths(years?
),normallyapparentinrealgrossdomesticproduct(GDP),realincome,employment,industrialproduction,andwholesale-retailsales.Inthiscontext,thisstudy'smainobjectiveistodemonstratethate-commercecouldbeapowerfulfactorincreatingasustainablefutureforIran.DefiningEnvironmentaleconomicsandInnovation,competitivenessandeco-efficiencyfactorsbytheDelphimethodandtheEurope2020strategyintheNationalSustainableDevelopmentCommitteeofIran,theseelementshavebeenevaluatedusingtheDecisionMakingTrialandEvaluationLaboratory(DEMATEL)techniquewithregardstoIran'scondition.Finally,thestudyresultssupporttheviewthatalthoughSustainableEconomicandInnovation,competitivenessandeco-efficiencycanbeimpactedbye-commerceinIran,itstandstohavethegreatestimpactonenvironmentaleconomics.Inadditiontheadoptionofe-commercewouldbebothoperationallyandstrategicallyviableforIran'ssociety.
Keywords:
Socio-EconomicDevelopment,Greeneconomics,EconomicSustainability
1.Introduction:
Ineverybusinessandnon-profitactivities,economicandsocialaspectswillbehiddensideofit;terminologically,economyisa"scienceofoptimalallotmentofscarceresources"(Nazari,2011)andsocially,isacultureandpartnershipofnativepeople.Sustainabilityconsistsofthesetermsanditsimpactonbusinessactivityisbecomingmoreapparent.Sustainabilityisanormativenotionaboutthewayhowhumansshouldacttowardsnature,andhowtheyareresponsibletowardsoneanotherandfuturegenerations(Clark,,2007).Increasingeffectsofenvironmentalchangearemakingbusinessesplayaroleinsustainability,illustratedwellbytheconceptofthetriplebottomline.
NowadaysCorporateSocialResponsibly(CSR),environmentalimpacts,andgreeneconomynotonlyreducethenegativeimpactontheenvironmentandsociety,buttheycanalsoincreasecompany'scompetitiveadvantage.NicolasStern,theBritisheconomistalsopointsout:
"Let'sfindagreendevelopingpath,walkoutofthiseconomicdepression,thisroadnotonlycanmakeourearthfreefromecologicalrisksbutalsopromotethenewinvestment,soastocreateasaferandcleaner,moreattractiveeconomy".Theconceptof"GreenEconomy"wasfirstproposedbyPierre,theBritisheconomist.Inthegreeneconomy,accommodationismadeforthecapacityofnaturalresourcesandotherenvironmentalconstraints.
Itisthereforeaneconomicmodelthatregardsasgoalsthewell-beingofmen,economicandenvironmentalharmony,andcontinuousdevelopment.Itispeople-oriented,aimingforimprovementofstandardsofliving,harmoniouscoexistenceofpeopleandnature,andthefacilitationoffairsocialsystems(Xiaowei&etal,2011).
Socio-economicdevelopmentisacoreelementoftheSustainableDevelopmentStrategy.Thestrategysetsouttheobjectiveofpromotingaprosperous,innovative,knowledgerich,competitiveandeco-efficienteconomy,whichprovideshighlivingstandardsandfullandhigh-qualityemploymentthroughoutthesociety.
GreeneconomyimpactstheSocio-economicdevelopmentofcountries,thisconceptisoftencitedincontemporaryliterature,butapproachestoitsevaluationarescarce;Certainresearchershaveelaboratedonadevelopmentindexthatpresentsamoregeneralconceptofwellbeing;onewhichcontainsthebasisoftheHDIwithitsnotionsofsocialandeconomicprogress.Threekeyareascanbedrawnuponforitsidentificationanddetermination:
resources,infrastructure,andtheenvironment(Natoli&Zuhair,2011).Overthelastfewdecades,internetconnectednesshasbeenintroducedasanindicatorofsocio-economicdevelopmentandseveralpapershaveemphasizeditsimportance(Dobrota,&etal,2012).Itissignificantimpactedbye-commerce,theestablishmentofsuchstrategicinfrastructureisconsideredcriticalfordevelopingcountrieswherethemarginalimpactofimprovednetworkcommunicationscanbeveryhigh,leadingtoimprovedeconomicproductivity,governance,education,healthandqualityoflife,particularlyinruralareas(Madon,2000).
E-commerceasagreenbusinessreferstotheuseofelectronicmeansandtechnologytoconductcommerce(thesale,purchase,transferorexchangeofproduct,servicesand/orinformation);thedeliveryofthoseproducts,services,orinformationmayoccuroveroroutsideoftheinternet(Manzoor,2010).Usingrenewableenergyresources,enhancingmaterialrecyclability,reducingtoxicdispersionarealleco-efficientpracticeswhiledoinggreenbusiness(DeSimone&etal,2000).Consumerenvironmentalismchangedthepatternsofcompetitionintheindustriesandforcingbusinesstoredesignproducts,processandadaptnewtechnology.Ranganathanidentifiedfourkeyelementsforenvironmentalperformanceandfourelementsforsocialperformance(Ranganathan,1998).Namelyenvironmentalfactorsare:
materialuse,energyconsumption,non-productoutputandpollutantrelease,andassocialfactorsare:
employment,communityrelations,ethicalsourcingandsocialimpact.
Thepotentialpositiveenvironmentalimpactsofe-commercehavebeensummarizedas"threeD's"inthecurrenteconomy:
Dematerializationreducesmaterialconsumptionbyshiftingbookstobytes,compactdiskstoMP3s,checkbookstoclicksandsoon;DecarbonizationreducesgreenhousegasemissionsandputsthegoalsoftheKyotoprotocolwithinreach;Demobilizationreducestheneedfortransportationanditsassociatedcostsandconsequences(Tiwari&Singh,2011).Thisstrategycanleadoursocietytosustainabilityandourbusinessmodeltoagreeneconomy;isonethatresultsinimprovedhumanwell-beingandsocialequity,whilesignificantlyreducingenvironmentalrisksandecologicalscarcities(Bassi&Sheng,2012).Thisnotionisdefinedasecoinnovation.Thegoalofeco-innovationistosystematicallyalignandimplementthisstrategythroughoutthesupplychain,fromnewproductandservicedevelopmenttoconsumption(Jones&etal,2008).Eco-innovationastheproduction,assimilationorexploitationofaproduct,productionprocess,serviceormanagementorbusinessmethodsthatisnoveltotheorganization(developingoradoptingit)andwhichresults,throughoutitslifecycle,inareductionofenvironmentalrisk,pollutionandothernegativeimpactsofresourcesuse(includingenergyuse)comparedtorelevantalternatives(Jin&etal,2008).Eco-innovation(greeninnovation)canbeclassifiedintothreemaincategories:
eco-productinnovation,eco-processinnovationandgreenmanagerialinnovation(Sezen&etal,2013).E-commercebelongstotheeco-processbecauseitisfocusingondatatransferring;eco-processimplementationinvolvestheimprovementofexistingproductionprocessesortheadditionofnewprocessestoreduceenvironmentalimpact(Cheng&etal,2012).
2.MaterialsAndMethodology
ThisstudyutilizedDecisionMakingTrialandEvaluationLaboratory(DEMATEL)technique,whichwasinventedinGeneva,Switzerlandin1971bytheMattelMemorialInstitutetoassesscomplexglobalproblemswiththeaimofstrategicplanningandachievingsolutionstocomplicatedchallenges.Thissubjectiveapproachreliesoninterviewsandquestionnairestotakeexpertopinionintoconsideration(GabusAFE,1973).InthisstudyinformationwasgatheredfromthemembersofnationalcommitteeofIranSustainableDevelopmentaccordingtotheirprofession.Thistechniqueisusedextensivelytoorganizevariablesandavisualframeworkindeterminingcomplexinteractionsbetweenthosevariablesthroughtheuseofgraphs.Thistechniqueisalsoforarrangingaseriesofdatainawaythattheintensityofinterdependencyandinteractionsbetweenvariablesarescored,feedbacksandtheirsignificancearefoundandthennontransferablerelationsareaccepted(Asgharpour,2004).Theprocedureisasfollows:
(1)VariablesareproposedbasedontheEuro2020strategyontheGDP,andsocioeconomicdevelopmentsector.Thosevariablesarethenrefinedandrevisedbasedoninquiryofexperts(Delphimethod)inordertodevelopalistofcontextspecificvariables(inthisstudy,weusedvariablesrelevanttoIran'scurrentcondition).TheanalysisofGDPwasfocusedondatafromEconomicdevelopment,Innovation,competitivenessandeco-efficiency;whiletheanalysisofsocio-economicdevelopmentuseddataregardingEmployment.
Nextthepanelgroupmembersanalyzedandrankedthevariable;inthisstudythevariableweredefinedandcategorizedintothreeclasses;e-commerce,socio-economicdevelopment,andrealGDPpercapital(thelasttwoofwhicharemainindicatorsofsustainabledevelopment).E-commerceincludedallinformation,productsandservicespurchasedorprocuredthroughtheinternet.Socio-economicdevelopmentwaslimitedtothecostsandnegativeeffectsofunemploymentonsociety.GDPincludedallthestrategy'sobjectivestoensurethatourbusinesssystemmeetsociety'seconomic,socialandenvironmentalneedswhilstminimizingtheirundesirableimpactsontheeconomy,societyandtheenvironment.
(2)Groupdecisio
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