Unit 2 Hiroshima detailed study.docx
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Unit 2 Hiroshima detailed study.docx
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Unit2Hiroshimadetailedstudy
Unit2Hiroshima—the“Liveliest”CityinJapan
byJacquesDanvoir
I.Teachingobjectives:
Thisunitaimstohelpstudentsunderstand:
1.thenatureofnarrativewritingaspresentedinnewsstyle:
characteristics,skillsandwaysofdevelopingit;
2.ThefirstatomicbombinganditsimpactonHiroshima;
3.theuseofrhetoricaldevicessuchasMetonymy(借代、换喻),Euphemism,Anti-climaxandIrony.
II.IntroductiontotheText:
1.Typeofliterature:
journalistwriting(featurearticle)(asdescribedbytheauthor“areportorialassignment)
2.Thepurposeofajournalistreport:
toinformtheaudienceofthefacts/truthofsth
(Thefollowingpartdoneinthereviewafterdetailedstudyofthetext)
3.Characteristicsofajournalistreport/narrativewriting:
1)containsconventionsofnarration(Whattheauthorseesandfeelsandunderstandsataspecifictimeinaspecificplace);
2)authenticityandobjectivity;
3)mixedwithdescriptionoftheauthor’scomment(thoughts,feelingsandopinions.)
4.Waysofdevelopingapieceofjournalistreport
1)accuratelyrecordingthedialogueswithsomeJapanesetoreinforcetheauthenticityofthereport
2)carefullyobservinganddescribingdetailstoreinforcetheauthenticityofthereport
3)vividdescriptiontomakethereportinteresting.
III.AdditionalBackgroundKnowledge
1.TheCityofHiroshima
Hiroshima,cityonsouthwesternHonshûIsland(本州岛),Japan,capitalofHiroshimaPrefecture,attheheadofHiroshimaBay.Thecitywasfoundedin1594onsixislandsintheÔtaRiverdelta(织田河).Hiroshimagrewrapidlyasacastletownandcommercialcity,andafter1868itwasdevelopedasamilitarycenter.DuringWorldWarII,itcontainedthe2ndArmyHeadquarters,whichcommandedthedefenseofallofsouthernJapan.Thecitywasalsoacommunicationscenter,astoragepoint,andanassemblyareafortroops.HiroshimathusbecametheprimarytargetofthefirstU.S.nuclearattackmission.
Thecenterofthecitycontainedanumberofreinforcedconcretebuildingsaswellaslighterstructures.Outsidethecenter,theareawascongestedbyadensecollectionofsmallwoodenworkshopssetamongJapanesehouses;afewlargerindustrialplantslayneartheoutskirtsofthecity.Thehouseswereofwoodenconstructionwithtileroofs.Manyoftheindustrialbuildingswerealsoofwoodframeconstruction.Thecityasawholewashighlysusceptibletofiredamage.
ThepopulationofHiroshimahadreachedapeakofover380,000earlierinthewar.Atthetimeoftheattackthepopulationwasapproximately255,000.Thisfigureisbasedontheregisteredpopulation,usedbytheJapaneseincomputingrationquantities,andtheestimatesofadditionalworkersandtroopswhowerebroughtintothecitymaynotbehighlyaccurate.
Afterthewarin1949theJapanesededicatedHiroshimaasaninternationalshrineofpeace.Thecitywaslargelyrebuilt,andcommercialactivitieswereresumed.Machinery,automobiles,foodprocessing,andthebrewingofsake(日本清酒)arethemainindustries.Thesurroundingarea,althoughmountainous,hasfertilevalleyswheresilk,rice,andwheatareproduced.Thepopulationin1990hasreached1,085,705.
另:
日本各岛岛名:
ThefourlargestislandsareHonshū,Hokkaidō,KyūshūandShikoku,togetheraccountingfor97%ofJapan'slandarea.
本州岛Honshū,九州岛Kyushū,
四国岛IslandShikoku,北海道岛Hokkaidō。
2.TheBombingofHiroshima
HiroshimawastheprimarytargetofthefirstU.S.nuclearattackmission.At8:
15a.m.onAugust6,1945,byorderofPresidentTruman,thefirstAtomicbomb,nicknamed“LittleBoy”wasexplodedoverapointnearthecentreofHiroshima,destroyingalmosteverythingwitharadiusof830-1,450meters.Thedamagebeyondthisareawasconsiderable,andover71,000peoplewerekilledinstantly(thepopulationofHiroshimawasapproximately255.500atthetimeoftheattack).Tokyo'sfirstknowledgeofwhathadreallycausedthedisastercamefromtheWhiteHousepublicannouncementinWashington,sixteenhoursafterthenuclearattackonHiroshima.Bytheendof1945,itisestimatedthat60,000morepeoplediedduetonuclearfalloutsickness.However,thistotaldoesnotincludelongertermcasualtiesfromradiationexposure.Survivorsarestilldyingofleukemia(白血病),perniciousanemia(恶性贫血)andotherdiseasesinducedbyradiation.Almost98%ofthebuildingsweredestroyedorseverelydamaged.
Afterthewar,theJapanesededicatedpost-warHiroshimatopeace.Aspecialhospitalbuiltheretreatspeoplesufferingfromexposuretoradiationandconductsresearchintoitseffects.In1955,adestroyedareanamed"PeaceCity"hasbeensetasideasamemorial.Laterin1996,thisHiroshimaPeaceMemorialParkwasmadeaUNESCOWorldHeritagesiteovertheobjectionsoftheUS.
IV.Rhetoricdevicesused
1.Metaphor
Examplesinthetext:
1)Ihadalumpinmythroat
2)Atlastthisintermezzocametoanend...
3)Iwasagaincrushedbythethought...
4)...whenthemeaning...sankin,joltingme...
2.Metonymy(借代、换喻)
isafigureofspeechusedinrhetoricinwhichathingorconceptisnotcalledbyitsownname,butbythenameofsomethingintimatelyassociatedwiththatthingorconcept.Forinstance,"Washington",asthecapitaloftheUnitedStates,canbeusedasametonym(aninstanceofmetonymy)fortheUnitedStatesgovernment.
Sometimes,metaphorandmetonymycanbothbeatworkinthesamefigureofspeech,oronecouldinterpretaphrasemetaphoricallyormetonymically.Forexample,thephrase"lendmeyourear"couldbeanalyzedinanumberofways.Wecouldimaginethefollowinginterpretations:
∙Analyze"ear"metonymicallyfirst—"ear"means"attention"(becauseweuseearstopayattentiontosomeone'sspeech).Now,whenwehearthephrase"lendingear(attention)",westretchthebasemeaningof"lend"(toletsomeoneborrowanobject)toincludethe"lending"ofnon-materialthings(attention),but,beyondthisslightextensionoftheverb,nometaphorisatwork.
∙Imaginethewholephraseliterally—imaginethatthespeakerliterallyborrowsthelistener'searasaphysicalobject(andtheperson'sheadwithit).Thenthespeakerhastemporarypossessionofthelistener'sear,sothelistenerhasgrantedthespeakertemporarycontroloverwhatthelistenerhears.Wetheninterpretthephrase"lendmeyourear"metaphoricallytomeanthatthespeakerwantsthelistenertograntthespeakertemporarycontroloverwhatthelistenerhears.
∙First,analyzetheverbphrase"lendmeyourear"metaphoricallytomean"turnyourearinmydirection",sinceweknowthatliterallylendingabodypartisnonsensical.Then,analyzethemotionofearsmetonymically—weassociate"turningears"with"payingattention",whichiswhatthespeakerwantsthelistenerstodo.
1)...littleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapers...strugglebetweenkimonoandtheminiskirt
2)IthoughtthatHiroshimastillfelttheimpact
Metonymycanbederivedfromvarioussources:
a.Namesofpersons:
UncleSam:
theUSA
b.Animals:
thebear:
theSovietUnion
thedragon:
theChinese(afightbetweenthebearandthedragon)
c.Partsofthebody:
1)heart:
feelingsandemotions
2)head,brain:
wisdom,intelligence,reason
3)greyhair:
oldage
d.Profession:
1)thepress:
newspapers,reportersetc.
HemetthepressyesterdayeveningattheGrandHotel.
2)thebar:
thelegalprofession
e.locationofgovernment,businessetc.
1)DowningStreet:
theBritishGovernment
2)theWhiteHouse:
theUSpresidentandhisgovernment
3)theCapitalHill:
USCongress
4)WallStreet:
USfinancialcircles
5)Hollywood:
Americanfilmmakingindustry
6)Ovaloffice:
USpresidentoffice
3.Euphemism:
thesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggeststhunpleasant.e.g:
1)Hewassentencedtoprison---Heisnowlivingatthegovernment'sexpenses.
2)Theboyisabitslowforhisage.
3)togotoheaven---dead
4)togotothebathroom,doone'sbusiness,answerthenature'scall,putanendtomylife.
5)Eachdayofsufferingthathelpstofreemefromearthlycares.
4.Irony:
Peoplesaytheoppositeofwhattheymean.Forexample,ifthedayhasbeenterrible,yousay,“Boy,thishasbeenagreatday!
”
Ironyismoreemphaticthanapoint-blankstatementofthetruth.Itachievesitseffectbyremindingyouoftheoppositerealityandthisprovidingascalebywhichtojudgetheresentreality.
1)Hiroshima---theLiveliestCityinJapan
2)thegoodfortunethatmyillnesshasbroughtme
5.Anti-Climax(突降法):
Inrhetoric,aclimaxisafigureofspeechinwhichwords,phrases,orclausesarearrangedinorderofincreasingimportance.Itissometimesusedwithanadiplosis,whichusestherepetitionofawordorphraseinsuccessiveclauses.祖国啊—娘
a.Adeclineviewedindisappointingcontrastwithapreviousrise:
theanticlimaxofabrilliantcareer.
b.somethingtrivialorcommonplacethatconcludesaseriesofsignificantevents:
Afteraweekofdramaticnegotiations,allthatfollowedwasanticlimax.
c.Asuddendescentinspeakingorwritingfromtheimpressiveorsignificanttotheludicrousorinconsequential,oraninstanceofit;
1)Alas!
Alas!
WhatshallIdo?
I'velostmywifeandbesthat,too!
哎呀哎呀!
我怎么办呢?
我失去了妻子,又丢了最好的帽子!
2)Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.
士兵的职责是保卫祖国和剥土豆皮。
3)atownknownthroughouttheworldforits---oysters.(inthetext)
Climax:
Thepointofgreatestintensityorforceinanascendingseriesorprogression;aculmination.Inrhetoric,itrefersto:
a.Aseriesofstatementsorideasinanascendingorderofrhetoricalforceorintensity.
b.Thefinalstatementinsuchaseries.E.g.:
1)Icame,Is
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