雾都孤儿论文.docx
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雾都孤儿论文.docx
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雾都孤儿论文
摘要
查尔斯·狄更斯(1812—1870)是19世纪英国最杰出的小说家。
1832年开始从事文学创作,先后写了歌剧、笑剧、随笔、长篇小说和短篇小说,以长篇小说最为成功。
《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯的代表作之一。
小说描写了伦敦低层社会中贫苦儿童的悲惨生活,揭露了贫民救济所的黑暗。
本文通过分析《雾都孤儿》中仁爱与暴虐在人物性格上的体现,把社会最黑暗、最丑恶的现象暴露出来。
通过《雾都孤儿》创作的社会背景、意识形态背景以及小说中主要人物性格的分析,反映出狄更斯创作的深度和批判倾向。
本文先回溯狄更斯《雾都孤儿》创作的相关社会背景以及当时文学创作中批判现实主义手法的发展,进而深入探讨作者塑造的典型环境中的典型人物形象。
研究者希望通过本文更好地了解狄更斯本人的价值观在人物形象塑造中所发挥的作用。
关键词:
查尔斯·狄更斯;批判现实主义;人物性格;主要人物形象
Abstract
CharlesDickens(1812—1870)wasaprominentnovelist.Hebegantotaketolettersin1832.Hewrotesomanyworks,suchasdrama,farce,essay,shortandstory,andthelastoneisthebestaccomplishmentofhis.OliverTwistwasoneofhismasterpieces,whichhasreflectedtherealandterriblelifeofLondonunderworld.Ithasgivenexpressiontothebenevolenceanddespoticthatliesinthenovel,andexposesthedarkest,filthiestphenomenon.Moreover,accordingtothesocialbackground,wecanfindthecreativedepthandcriticaltendency.Byrecallingthedevelopmentofsocialbackgroundandcriticalrealism,anddiscussingmodeltowhichthewritergives,wecanknowCharlesDickens’svalueinhisnovel.
Keywords:
CharlesDickens;CriticalRealism;Characterization;TypicalLiteraryImage
Contents
Chapter1Introduction1
Chapter2CharacterAnalysisofOliverTwist2
2.1CharlesDickens2
2.2CriticalRealism4
2.2.1SocialBackground…………………………………………………………………………………..4
2.2.2IdeologicalBackground…………………………………………………………………..…………6
2.3PlotSetting8
2.4Characterization……………………………………………………………………...…………………9
2.4.1OliverTwist……………………………………………………………………………………….10
2.4.2Nancy........................................................................................................................................…...11
2.4.3Monks……………………………………………………………………………………………..12
Chapter3Conclusions14
References………………………………………………………………………………………….…………...15
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………..………16
Chapter1Introduction
SinceOliverTwistwaspublished,criticalrealismhasbecomeamainstreaminliteraryhistory.Itreflectsthepeoplewholiveatthebottomofsociety.Thesecriticalrealistsofthemid-19thcenturywereallhonestpeopleandrealartistsinspiteoftheirlimitationsintheirgeneralpointofviewonlife.Byexposingthesocialinjusticeandthevicesoftheupperclass,theyputtheirheartsintodepictingthemiserableexistenceofthecommonpeople;theygavearuthfulpictureofcapitalistEnglandofthetime.Theyfollowedthefinetraditionoftheirgreatliterarypredecessorsof18thcenturyrealismandearly19thcenturyromanticism.Theyshowedtheirwarmsympathyonthosepeoplewhosufferedalot.ThegreatestofthecriticalrealistswasCharlesDickens.Inhisearlyyears,hedidalotofwork,theseexperiencesgavehimagoodknowledgeofthepoliticallifeofEnglandatthattimeandithadafarreachingeffectuponhislifelongcontemptforallthepoliticalinstitutions.
OliverTwistwasoneofCharlesDickens’smasterpieces,whichhastakenupanimportantpositioninliterature.Heoftencreateswithverycertainideasaboutrightandwrong.Hewascalledtherealgreatmaster,inthatthefigureinhisnovelisimbuedwiththeuniquefeatureofcriticalrealism.
TheresearchofOliverTwistiswidelycarriedoutinChinanowadays.Tonameafew,ProfessorQiaoZhiguo,whoisteachinginShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity;ProfessorQianqing,whoisteachinginBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity;professorChangYaoxin,whoisteachinginNankaiUniversityinChinaandUniversityofGuaminAmerica.Basedonformerresearchesmentionedabove,thispaperisgoingtodosomeworkoncharacteranalysisofthisnovel.
TounderstandtheaimofCharlesDickens’swork,andhisuniquewritingstyle,weshouldfocusonthetypicalliteraryimages,socialbackgroundinthenovel.Moreover,onthebasisofCharlesDickens’spersonalexperiences,alsointhisarticletheauthor,fromitsnarrativeperspectiveandwritingfeature,exploresthenovel,andpresentsthewriter’swritingaimperfectly.Wecanfindthecreativedepthandcriticaltendency.
Chapter2CharacterAnalysisofOliverTwist
2.1CharlesDickens
CharlesDickenswasbornonFebruary7,1812,inPortsea,England.Hisparentsweremiddle-class,buttheysufferedfinanciallyasaresultoflivingbeyondtheirmeans.At11yearsold,ashisfatherwasindebt,thefamilywasputinadebtprison.Forcedbytheplight,hehadbecomeachildlaborinabootandshoecreamworkshop.Themiserableexperienceinhisyoungmindleftpsychictrauma,notonlyhisdeepconcernandsympathyfortheunfortunatechildren,andpromptedhimtostruggletoescapepoverty.Asayoungadult,heworkedasalawclerkandlaterasajournalist.HisexperienceasajournalistkepthiminclosecontactwiththedarkersocialconditionsoftheIndustrialRevolution,andhegrewdisillusionedwiththeattemptsoflawmakerstoalleviatethoseconditions.
In1836hethendecidedtowritehisownstoriesunderthenameofBoz.Theywerecalledthe"PickwickPapers"whichwerelikecomicsforadults.Charleswouldwritethewordsandamanwoulddrawpicturesforthem.Theywerepublishedincheapmonthlyinstalments.Forthefirstonetheypublishedonly400copiesbutbythe4ththeyhadtoprint40,000!
ThemaincharacterMrPickwickservedtimeinadebtor’sprisonlikeCharles'sFather.WithinfourmonthsofpublishinghisfirststoryCharleswasinternationallyfamous.Afterthat,hecreatedoneafteranotherworks,forexample,"OliverTwist"(1838),"TheOldCuriosityShop"(1840-1841),"DombeyandSon"(1846-1848),"DavidCopperfield"(1849),"BleakHouse"(1852),"aTaleofTwoCities"(1854)and"GreatExpectations"(1860).(ChangYaoxin,ASurveyofEnglishLiterature,p.230)Morethan20novelsandmanyshortstories,essays,featuresandtravelnotes.Dickenssuccessfullycreatedmanydistinctivecharacteristics,theimageofauniquecharacter.HissociallyrealisticnovelofcriticalsignificanceisnotonlytotheBritishliteraryworldanewlooks,butalsotothedevelopmentofworldliterature.
Withthemoneyheearned,hewasabletogetmarriedtoaladycalledCatherineHogarth.Dickenshadnotforgottenhischildhoodhardships.Hebecamefamous,andhadchildren.Becausethecontinuedimpactofpastexperiencehadaneffectonhisfamilylifeandhischildren'seducation.From1837to1852,Dickenscouplegavebirthto10children,9survived.Totheirchildren,Dickenscouldberegardedasastrictfather.Hedevelopedstricthouserulesandreceivethehelpofhissister,requiringthateachchildmustbeobeyorderly.Forexample,healwaysmanagedtofindtimetocheckwhetherthehousewascleanandtidyornoteverymorning.Inaddition,Healsochecksthesmallroomfurnishings,accessoriesareputinplace.InEnglishliterature,novelisabrilliantstarspeaktimesinnineteenth-century.Inthesegreatnovelists,Dickensisamostbrilliantstar.Dickenshadsufferedadifficultchildhoodworld,sohewassympatheticfortheworkingclasspeopleandthemosthelplesschildren.Dickensisaprolificwriter;hewasdependedonhard-workandtalenttocreatealargenumberofclassics.Heisamasterofhumour,oftenusethelanguagewithhumourandromance,totellthetruthoftheworld,sothatMarxalsohadpraisehimas"anoutstandingnovelist.”
HebecameaneditorofamonthlymagazinecalledBentley'sMiscellanywhichhemadeinstantlysuccessbyhisserializationofOliverTwist,whichisprobablyhismostfamousnovel.OliverwasborninaWorkhouse,andDickensusedthisnoveltoshowhowbadtheseplaceswereandhowtheywereoftenrunbycorruptandcruelpeople.HeisarenownedEnglishwriterallaroundtheworld.HewasacriticalrealistoftheVictorianAge.In1837,thefirstinstallmentofOliverTwistappearedinthemagazineBentley’sMiscellany,whichDickenswasthenediting.ItwasaccompaniedbyillustrationsbyGeorgeCruikshank,whichstillaccompanymanyeditionsofthenoveltoday.Evenatthisearlydate,somecriticsaccusedDickensofwritingtooquicklyandtooprolifically,sincehewaspaidbythewordforhisserializednovels.YetthepassionbehindOliverTwist,animatedinpartbyDickens’sownchildhoodexperiencesandinpartbyhisoutrageatthelivingconditionsofthepoorthathehadwitnessedasajournalist,touchedhiscontemporaryreaders.Greatlysuccessful,thenovelwasathinlyveiledprotestagainstthePoorLawof1834,whichdictatedthatallpubliccharitymustbechanneledthroughworkhouses.”OliverTwistisCharlesDickenssecondnovel.Theonly20-year-oldwriterdeterminedtolearnfromtheBritishnovelistofrealismpainterWilliamHogarth(1697–1764),whohadthecouragetofacelifeandrealisticallyexpressthetragiclifeoftheLondonslums.Heheldahighmoralpurpose:
toprotestsocialinjustice,andtoarousepublicopinion,theimplementationofthereform,sothatthepoorareindirestraitsintherescue.Becauseofthis,DickenshasalwaysbeenpraisedbyChineseandtheformerSovietscholarsas"theBritishliterature,criticalrealismandtherepresentativesofthefounderandgreatest"(何文安译.《雾都孤儿》).Dickenswasalifelongchampionofthepoor.HehimselfsufferedfromtheharshabusevisiteduponthepoorbytheEnglishlegalsystem.InEnglandinthe1830s,thepoortrulyhadnovoice,politicaloreconomic.InOliverTwist,DickenspresentstheeverydayexistenceofthelowestmembersofEnglishsociety.Hegoesfarbeyondtheexperiencesoftheworkhouse,extendinghisdepictionofpovertytoLondon’ssqualidstreets,darkalehouses,andthieves’dens.Hegivesvoicetothosewhohadnovoice,establishingalinkbetweenpoliticsandliteraturewithhissocialcommentary.
2.2
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