商务活动中的肢体语言研究doc.docx
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商务活动中的肢体语言研究doc
本科生毕业论文设计
题目商务活动中的肢体语言
作者姓名
指导教师
所在学院外国语学院
专业(系)商务英语
班级(届)2011
完成日期2011年5月8
BodylanguageinInterculturalBusinessCommunication
BY
Prof.,Tutor
AthesisSubmittedtotheDepartmentofEnglish
LanguageandLiteratureinPartial
Fulfillmentofthe
RequirementsfortheDegreeofB.A.inEnglish
AtUniversity
May8,2011
摘要
肢体语言是非语言交际的重要组成部分并和文化紧密联系在一起。
我们必须承认世界各国的肢体语言与语言一样,也有相似之处。
然而,由于地域,种族,文化习俗的差异,不同文化的肢体语言有许多差异,熟练的掌握肢体语言在跨文化交际中十分必要,尤其在商务场合中。
商务沟通是一种正式的沟通方式,一般包括会议,面试,集体讨论,工作报告,演讲等。
商务场合更为正式并且要求掌握更多的肢体语言知识。
由于肢体语言在商务交际中发挥重要作用,为了在跨文化交际中能够成功地进行交流,我们应该了解不同文化的肢体语言。
本文将首先讨论肢体语言的涵义,并重点对肢体语言在商务交际中的作用进行研究探讨,并对中西文化中的肢体语言(包括面部表情,手势,眼神交流,身体接触,姿势)进行对比研究,进而寻找方法避免商务活动中的误解。
关键词:
跨文化交际 文化差异肢体语言 肢体语言功能 肢体语言差异
Abstract
Bodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunicationanditisconnectedwithculture.Weshouldrealizethatbodylanguage,likeverbalcommunication,hasmanysimilaritiesallovertheworld.However,bodylanguagefromdifferentcultureshasmanydifferencesbecauseofdifferentregions,racesandculturalcustoms.Havingagoodknowledgeofbodylanguageisnecessaryininterculturalcommunication.What’smoreinbusinesscommunication,whichismorecomplicated,bodylanguageplaysamoreimportantrole.Generally,businesscommunicationisaformalmeansofcommunication,like:
meetings,interviews,groupdiscussion,presentation,speechesetc.It’smuchformalandrequiresmoreknowledgeaboutbodylanguage.Asbodylanguageplaysanimportantpartinbusinesscommunication.Inordertomakesuccessfulexchangeincross-culturalcommunication,weshouldknowthebodylanguagefromdifferentcultures.WewillfirstdiscusswhatisbodylanguageandthenwewillfocusonthestudyofthefunctionsofbodylanguageininterculturalcommunicationandacomparativestudyofbodylanguagebetweenChineseandwesterncountriesintermsoffacialexpression,Gestures,eyecontact,physicalcontactandpostureandthenfindwaystoavoidmisunderstandingsinbusinesscommunication.
KeyWords:
interculturalcommunication,culturaldifferences,bodylanguage,functionofbodylanguage,differencesofbodylanguage
TableofContents
Introduction1
ChapterIAbriefintroductionofbodylanguageanditsfuction3
1.1Theconceptionofbodylanguage3
1.2Thereasonleadtobodylanguagedifferences—culturaldifferences4
1.3Thefunctionofbodylanguage5
1.3.1Repeating6
1.3.2Substituting6
1.3.3Complementing7
1.3.4Contradicting8
1.3.5Regulating9
ChapterIIAconstructivestudyofbodylanguagebetweenChineseandwesterncountry11
2.1Contrastivestudyoffacialexpression11
2.2Contrastivestudyofgestures12
2.2.1Thesamegesturewithdifferentmeaningsindifferentcultures12
2.2.2Differentgestureswithsamemeaning13
2.2.3Gestureandmeaninginoneculturewithoutequivalentinothercultures13
2.3Contrastivestudyofeyecontact14
2.4Contrastivestudyofphysicalcontact15
2.5Contrastivestudyofposture15
ChapterIIIWaystoavoidmisunderstandingsinbusinesscommunications18
3.1Increaseawarenessofbodylanguage18
3.2Combinethecultureandcontextinunderstandingthebodylanguage19
3.3Respectothernation'sculturevaluesandsocialcustoms19
Conclusion21
Reference22
Acknowledgement24
Introduction
Allthehumanbeingsontheearth,despitedifferencesintheir backgroundandculture,engageincommoneventseveryminutetocommunicate.Whenpeoplediscussthehumancommunication,theywillthinkoftheverbalcommunicationimmediately.Verbalcommunicationisaveryimportantprocessincommunicatingbutnotthesinglemeans.Anyonecanneverneglecttheotherpartincommunication---nonverbalcommunication.Infact,thewholeprocessofthehumancommunicationconsistsoftwoparts,thatistosay,nonverbalcommunicationandverbalcommunication.Sometimesnonverbalcommunicationismoreimportantthanverbalcommunication.Theformermainlyproducesthevocaleffects,whilethelatterwillleadtovision,senseandtoucheffects.Inmanycommunicationalsituations,theseeffectsofthenonverbalcommunicationaremoreobviousthanthatoftheverbalcommunication.Bodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunication.Peoplecouldexpresstheirfeelingsandattitudesthroughfacialexpressions,gestures,eyecontact,andphysicalcontactandsoon.“Silentlanguageexpressesmoreinformationthanverballanguage.Becauseitcontainsmuchinformation.Accordingtosomeresearchersabroad,inpeople’sdailylife,nonverbalcommunicationtakespartover65%inallofinformationexchange.Manyexpertshaveshowntheimportanceofbodylanguageinthecross-culturalcommunication.ApsychologistBirdwhistellproposedaformulathat:
totalimpactofmessage=7%verbal+38%vocal+55%bodylanguage[1].Themisunderstandingandculturalcrashoftenoccurinthecross-culturalcommunicationduetounfamiliarwiththebodylanguageofanotherculture.BusinessCommunicationdiffersfromcommunicationingeneral.Itisuniqueinitspurpose.Onecommunicatesinternallywithhisteammembers,hisboss,hispeersandothers.Hecommunicatesexternallywithcustomers,competitorsandserviceprovidersoutsidetheorganization.Inbothcases,hiscommunicatewithoneveryspecificpurpose:
tocreatehisbusiness.Sointheprocessofbusinesscommunication,itisnotacompletecommunicationwhileignoringtheculturaldifferencesofnonverbalcommunication.Thearticlefirstdiscusswhatisbodylanguageandfindthereasonleadtodifferencesofbodylanguage,afterthatitfocusesonfunctionsofbodylanguageandacomparativestudyofbodylanguageinordertolessenconflictsincross-culturebusinesscommunicationandmakeitmuchbetterandeasier.
ChapterI.Abriefintroductionofbodylanguageanditsfunction
1.1Theconceptofbodylanguage
Bodylanguagereflectsacertainculturalbackgroundandinacertaintradition,bodylanguageisdeterminedbyitscustomsandtraditions.PsychologistDavidAbercrombiealsopointedout:
wespeakwithverbalorgansbutwetalkwithourbody[1].Thestudyofbodylanguagehasalongtradition.
Morethan2,000yearsago,theancientRomanpoliticiansCicerohadpointedoutthatallpsychologicalactivitieswereassociatedwithmovements.Gesturewasjustakindofhumanlanguagewhicheverybody,evenbarbarians,couldunderstand.Asweknow,bodylanguageasanon-verballanguagealsohadbeenrecognizedearlybypeopleofwesterncountries.
In1872,C.DarwinpublishedthearticleofModalExpressionofHumanandAnimal.Hehadfirstlycreatedaresearchmethodoflinkingthenon-verballanguageofhumantotheexpressionofanimalsthatstillwaswidelyusedinthefieldofhumanacademic,sociallanguageacademic,socialpsychologyprofessionandsoon.
Intheearly1950s,westernershavebeenstudyingbodylanguagecomprehensivelyandsystematically.Howevertherewerethreemostinfluentialworksaboutbodylanguage,includingKretschmer’sPhysiqueandCharacterandTheVariationofHumanPhysiqueandEfron’sGestureandEnvironment.
In1952,Birdwhistell’sbookofIntroductiontoKinesticshadconductedasystematicresearchonbodylanguageandcreatedthewordofKinesics.Hethoughtthatweshouldstudybodylanguagebythewayofresearchinglanguage.AndhefirstlycreatedthewordofKinemeastheminimumbodylanguageonresearchingbodylanguage.Throughthisway,hecouldcomparethestructureofbehaviorwiththestructureoflanguagesothattheresearchofbodylanguagewastobeCodeResearchSystem.Albacon,anAmericanpsychologist,providedmoreprecisefiguresthattheinformationofsomeonewascomposedofthreeaspects:
55%ofbodylanguage,38%ofthetoneand7%ofthewords(毕继万,1999).
In1980,thestudyofbodylanguagehasbeenasanewdiscipline.Thesubjectsofzoology,psychology,sociology,anthropology,cross-culturalcommunicationstudyalsopromotethestudyofthissubject.Andmanylinguistshavebeenresearchingbodylanguagemoredeeply[9].
Thewriterthinkthatbodylanguageisatermforcommunicationusingbodymovementsorgesturesinsteadof,orinadditionto,sounds,verballanguageorothercommunication.Itformspartofthecategoryofparalanguage,whichdescribesallformsofhumancommunicationthatarenotverballanguage.Thisincludesthemostsubtleofmovementsthatmanypeoplearenotawareof,includingwinkingandslightmovementoftheeyebrows.Inadditionbodylanguagecanalsoincorporatetheuseoffacialexpressions.
1.2Thereasonleadstobodylanguagedifferences—culturaldifferences
Thereasonleadtobodylanguagedifferencesisculturaldifferences.Itisknowntoallthatculturediffersfromcountrytocountry.Thenwhatisculture?
Howdoesitinfluencethebodylanguage?
Thearticleelaboratesthequestionasfollowing.
Accordingtotheexperts,cultureislearned,shared,compelling,interrelatedsetofsymbolswhosemeaningprovidesasetoforientationsformembersofasociety.Theseorientations,takentogether,providesolutionstoproblemsthatallsocietiesmustsolveiftheyaretoremainviable.Besides,Culturedetermineshowpeopleviewothersandthemselves,theybehave,andhowtheyperceivetheworldaroundthem.Anotherdefinitionisthatcultureisasetoflearnedcorevalues,beliefs,standards,knowledge,morals,laws,andbehaviorssharedbyindividualsandsocietiesthatdetermineshowanindividualacts,feels,andviewsoneselfandothers(Mitchell,2000)[13].
Thenhowdoescultureinfluencethebodylanguage?
Firstly,cultureisagroup-levelphenomenon.Cultureitselfisaphenomenonthatcanonlybeobservedonceitissharedbythevastmajorityoftheindividual
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