概要写作summary答题过程解密.docx
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概要写作summary答题过程解密.docx
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概要写作summary答题过程解密
概要写作(summary)答题过程解密
概要写作(summary)
题型介绍:
概要写作是新高考启用的新题型,给出一篇300字左右的文章(体裁多为说明文、记叙文,练习时偶见其它文体),要求缩写成一篇不超过60字的小短文,缩写的内容覆盖原文的要点。
概要写作是对原文的高度浓缩,是阅读者在不改变原文的中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下用简洁、精炼的语言表述一篇文章的主要内容、基本观点或事实。
它主要包括阅读和写作两个过程。
-01-
满分要求:
简洁 全面连贯客观
-02-
写作的技巧:
1) 删除细节,只保留主要观点。
2) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
3) 避免重复。
在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
4) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例:
“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”
可以概括为:
”Hewasverybraveinbattle.”
“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”
可以概括为:
“Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.”
5) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
请看下面的例子:
“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”
可以概括为:
”BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices.”
6) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:
“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”
可以概括为:
”Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.”
7)巧妙使用连接词。
比如,可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though,不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。
通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
8) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:
KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:
Youusetoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul—it’snotgoodforyou!
”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:
”Whyonearthnot!
Ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful…likeeatingcardboardorsand…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!
”Katewaspatient.Shedidn’twanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:
”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlateon,heart-attacks.Italsodisguisesthetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”
上面可以用第三人称概括为:
KatesuggestedtoPaulthatheshouldeatlesssalt.ShethoughtthateatingtoomuchsaltwoulddoharmtoPaul’shealthandthatitcouldreducetherealtastesoffood.ButPauldisagreed.Hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetasteless.
-03-
说明文的概要写作
说明文是对某一特定事物或现象进行介绍说明。
说明文会涉及到说明事物的方方面面,因此在概括时,要把所说明事物的主要方面重点去刻画,对于次要内容或附带说明则可一笔带过或忽略不写。
值得注意的是,说明文的最后一段或一个句子往往包含得分要点,要多加注意甄别取舍。
TheProblemofPackaging
Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.
Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.
Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedto cyclingcompanyforprocessing.
Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainvigilantanddotheirpart.
【思路分析】
我们先来把每段的大意理一下:
第一段的中心应该就是讲 Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal. 后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明。
第二段呢?
讲了两层意思,一层:
垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染;二层:
这些包装材料生产过程中,会产生对空气和水的污染。
第三段:
中心句很清晰啊。
Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials. 后面的德国的事情也是举例子,政府啊,制造商啊,个人啊,采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。
最后一段了:
尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用,但,又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。
包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊,我们不能放弃警惕。
【答题步骤】
I.阅读——划主题句和关键词
标记段落,快速阅读全文,并划出每段中的主题句或关键词;
II.草稿——浓缩主题句和关键词
通过句子分析或添减词对关键词及主题句进行适当修改,使其符合英语语法规则和表达习惯。
III.定稿——用适当连接词,把主题句和关键词组成一篇Summary
梳理段落间主题句和关键词潜在的逻辑关系,并使用适当的连接词将其组合在一起。
按这个步骤,我们试答题如下:
1.标记段落,快速阅读全文,并划出每段中的主题句或关键词;
Para.1:
Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial. It often makesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.
Para.2:
Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfill (afteritisthrownaway).(Thoughnecessary,) landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink,andcan leakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil. (Landfillsnotincluded,) theproductionofpackagingmaterial itself isamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.
Para.3:
Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblems causedbypackagingmaterials.
Para.4:
However, theamountofrubbish hasbegunto increaseagain.Itseemsthat(toproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish), everyonemustremainvigilantanddotheirpart.
2.通过句子分析或添减词对关键词及主题句进行适当修改,使其符合英语语法规则和表达习惯。
Para.1:
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Para.2:
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Para.3:
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Para.4:
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Key:
Para.1:
Packagingmaterialmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.
Para.2:
Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfilllandfills,whichleaksharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.
Para.3:
Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblems.
Para.4:
theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.everyonemustdotheirpart.
3.summarizing
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案呼之欲出:
Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginlandfills.Measurestakenbeforeweretemporarilysuccessful,buttheproblemremainsagreatconcern.Peopleareworkingonitandeveryoneshouldplayapart.(55words)
【总结】
按照上面讲的答题步骤,只要关键词和主旨句不划错,分数一般不会太低,除非出现严重拼写和语法错误;这里面还有很关键的一步:
怎么样把核心词主旨句恰当紧凑地衔接起来,这也是得分的关键;考生不妨把上面的写作技巧熟记于心,并多做练习,这样才会拿到高分甚至满分!
Adrivinggoalformostwebsitesisforthatsitetobeeasilyfoundbypeoplelookingfortheproductsorservices.Oneofthewayspeoplemayfindthesesitesisviaasearchengine.Withthisinmind,companiesobviouslywanttheirwebsitestoappealtosearchenginesaswell.
(第一段文字讲网站要让搜索引擎喜欢,那预测下,接下来的文字可能会是,该怎么让搜索引擎喜欢呢?
有什么要注意的要素呢?
)
Firstofall,websitecontentshouldbeuniqueandtimely. (第一句话是主题句,网站内容要独特新颖且及时)Onlyqualitycontentensuresthatcustomerswillfrequentyourwebsiteandalsorecommendittofriendsvialinksorthroughsocialchannels. Thisactofsharingnotonlygivesyoursitemorechancesofpublicexposurebutitalsohelpstopushupyoursearchenginerankings,whichextendshugepsychologicalimplicationtootherengineusersaspeopletendtofollowsuit.
NowfamoussearchenginessuchasGoogleusemobilefriendlinessasarankingsignal(这个词出现了,后面几段文字都是在讲搜索引擎会关注的rankingsignal,这个词在summary中必须出现) intheirrankingalgorithm(算法).Therefore,ifyoursiteisnotapplicableformobiledevices,youareofferingalessthanidealexperiencetosomeusersandinresultsearchengineswilltakethedisadvantageintoaccount.(这段文字的主要词眼是 mobilefriendliness)
AnotherkeyrankingsignalthatGoogleandothersearchenginesweighheavilyispagespeedandoverallsiteperformance.(又是主题句,关键词是pagespeed 和overallsiteperformance)Ifyoursiteisloadedwithtoomanyhigh-resolutionimagesandvideosorotherelements,muchviewingtimewillbecaused. Thesewillmakesluggish,slowloadingthatfrustrateandoftendriveawayvisitors.It'stimetoreducethepagesizeasallthevisitorsappreciatefasterdownload. Someareevenwillingtotradebettervisualexperiencesforhighviewingspeed. Asuserpreferencestandsontopofanysearchengine'slistofpriority,searchengineswilllookveryfavorablyuponthespeedimprovementsofthewebsites.
Inaddition,forahotwebsite,appropriateupdatefrequencyisalsovital.(又是主题句,词眼是updatefrequency) Althoughthecontentiscurrentanduptodatewhenitisfirstlaunched,itwillsoonloseitsfreshnesswiththeexplosionofothervariousonlineresources. Ifthecontentonyourwebsiteshasappearedonothersitesbefore,yourwebsiteissoonerorlatertobedesertedbecauseofhumans’natureofhavingalowboredomthreshold(门槛).Inturn,yourwebsite’ssearchrankingwilldropdrastically.
Finally,don’tlookdownoncustomerexperience. (主题句,关键词是customerexperience)Toooftenpeopleignorethebenefitsofcreatingaviewingexperiencethatisenjoyable.Whenassessingyourwebsite'suserfriendliness,understandthateaseofusecomesfirst,butdo
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