英语词汇术语 名词解释.docx
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英语词汇术语 名词解释.docx
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英语词汇术语名词解释
第二部分名词解释
1.Englishlexicology
EnglishLexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththevocabularyoftheEnglishlanguageinrespecttowordsandwordequivalents。
2.word
Awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.
3.vocabulary
Allthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary.
4.nativewords
WordsofAnglo—SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharecallednativewords.
5.loanwords
Wordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesarecalledloanwords.Theyarealsocalledforeignwordsandborrowedwords.
monwords
Commonwordsarealsocalledpopularwords.Theyarewordsconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.Commonwordsareneutralinstyle。
7.literarywords
Literarywordsarewordschieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.Literarywordsareformalinstyle.
8.archaicwords
Archaicwordsarewordsnolongerincommonuse,althoughretainedforspecialpurpose。
9.poeticalwords
Poeticalwordsarewordsthataretraditionallyusedonlyinpoetry.
10.colloquialwords
ColloquialwordsarewordsorexpressionsmainlyusedinspokenEnglishandinformalwritings。
11.slangwords
Slangwordsarelanguage,wordsorphrasesofavigorous,colorful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary。
12.technicalwords
Technicalwordsarewordsusedinvariousspecialfields。
13.functionwords
Functionwordsareusuallyshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliariesandsoforth,whichservegrammaticallythananythingelse。
14.contentwords
Contentwordsarewordswhichareusedtonameobjects,qualities,actions,processesorstates,andhaveindependentlexicalmeaning。
15.basicwordstock
Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage。
Thesewordshavefourobviouscharacteristics:
nationalcharacter,stability,word-formingabilityandabilitytoformcollocations。
Theyarewordswhicharemostfrequentlyusedandwhichareessentialtotheconstructionofsentencesandtolife.
16.neologism
Neologismsarenewwordsornewmeaningsforestablishedwords.
17.obsoletewords
Obsoletewordsarewordscompletelyoutofcurrentuse.
18.morpheme
Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms。
19.allomorph
Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds。
20.freemorpheme
Afreemorphemeisonewhichcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme。
Afreemorphemeisaword,inthetraditionalsense.
21.boundmorpheme
Aboundmorphemeisonewhichcannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.
22.root
Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.
23.freeroot
Freerootsarefreemorphemes.Theybelongtothebasicword—stockandprovidetheEnglishlanguagewithabasisfortheformationofnewwords。
24.boundroot
Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot。
Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords。
Theywereoncewords,yetinModernEnglishtheyarenotwords。
Theycannotexitontheirown.Norcantheybeusedtoformnewwords。
25.affix
Affixisa“collectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.”Theyareconsideredboundmorphemes.
26.inflectionalaffix
Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicatesuchgrammaticalrelationshipsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegreeareinflectionalaffixes.
27.derivationalaffix
Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords。
28.prefix
Inderivation,theaffixaddedbeforethebaseiscalledprefix。
29.suffix
Inderivation,theaffixaddedafterthebaseiscalledsuffix。
30.hybrid
Ahybridisawordmadeupofelementsfromtwoormoredifferentlanguages。
31.simpleword
Asimplewordisawordconsistingofonefreeroot(oronemorpheme)。
32.word-formationrules
Word—formationrulesaretheruleswhichdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.
33.stem
Astemisthepartoftheword—formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved。
34.base
Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded;itmayalsobedefinedas“aformtowhicharuleofword-formationisapplied”.
pounding
Compoundingorcompositionisawordformationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewword。
36.compound
Wordsformedthroughcompoundingarecalledcompounds.
36.stringcompound
Whenthefirstelementofanouncompoundisitselfacompound,suchacompoundiscalledastringcompound。
37.derivation
Derivationoraffixationisaprocessofformingnewwordsbyadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningformtoanalreadyexistingword.
biningform
Acombiningformisaboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.
39.prefixation
Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase。
40.suffixation
Suffixationistheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword—classofthebase.
41。
differentiatingsuffixes
Differentiatingsuffixesarethosesuffixeswhichconveysubtlenuancesofmeaning。
42。
conversion
Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword—classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.
43。
functionalshift
Sinceinconversionthewordsdonotchangeinmorphologicalstructurebutinfunction,conversioniscalledbysomelinguists“functionalshift”.
44.derivationbyzerosuffix
Sincetherelationshipbetweenabaseofoneword-classandacorrespondingderivedwordofanotherbysuffixationisparalleltoashiftofthesamebasefromoneword—classtoanotherwithoutsuffixation,conversioniscalledbysomelinguists“derivationbyzerosuffix”。
45.partialconversion
Someadjectivesareusedasnounswhenprecededbythedefinitearticle,yettheseconvertednounstakeononlysomeofthefeaturesofthenoun。
Therefore,suchadjective→nounconversionispartialconversion.
46.acronymy
Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.
47.initialism
Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstletterofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter。
48.acronym
Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc。
Acronymsarepronouncedaswords.
49。
clipping
Clippingisaprocessofformingnewwordsbythedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.
50。
blending
Blendingisaprocessofword—formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.
51.portmanteauword
Theresultofblendingiscalledablend,orportmanteauword。
52.back-formation
Back—formationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage。
53。
reduplication
Reduplicationisaminortypeofword—formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetition
(1)ofoneword;
(2)oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowels;(3)oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonants.
54.wordsfrompropernames
Theyrefertowordswhichcomefromsuchpropernounsasnamesofpeople,namesofplaces,namesofbooksandtradenames.
55。
neoclassicalformation
NeoclassicalformationdenotestheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedfromelementsderivedfromLatinandGreek.
56.conventionality
MostEnglishwordsareconventional,arbitrarysymbols;consequently,thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense。
Thereisnowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsound-symbolhasthisorthatmeaningbeyondthefactthatthepeopleofagivencommunityhaveagreedtouseonetodesignatetheother.Sucharelationshipbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaningiscalledconventionality。
57。
motivation
Motivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenwordsymbolanditssense。
58。
phoneticmotivation
InmodernEnglish,somewordshavesoundsthatsuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingnaturalsoundsornoise。
Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning.Suchakindofconnectionbetweenthewordsymbolanditssenseiscalledphoneticmotivation。
59。
morphologicalmotivation
Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti—morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofsomearethesumofthemorphemescombined。
Ifoneknowsthemeaningofeachmorpheme,onecanfigureoutthemeaningoftheword.Suchakindofconnectionbetweenthewordsymbolanditssenseiscalledmorphologicalmotivation。
60。
semanticmotivation
Semanticmotivationrefersto
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