定性研究和定量研究的区别论文The Difference and Combination of Quantitative and Qualitative Research.docx
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定性研究和定量研究的区别论文The Difference and Combination of Quantitative and Qualitative Research.docx
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定性研究和定量研究的区别论文TheDifferenceandCombinationofQuantitativeandQualitativeResearch
TheDifferenceandCombinationofQuantitativeandQualitativeResearch
Abstract:
Quantitativeresearchandqualitativeresearcharetwobasicparadigmsandmethods,eachwithdifferentconcept,nature,fundamentaltheory,andresearchprocess.Recently,therearemoreandmoreargumentsaboutthetowmethodsandmoreandmorescholarspromotethecombinationoftheminresearches.Thisthesisdemonstratesthedifferencesbetweenthetwomethodsandalsoanalyzesthecombinationofthemanditssignificanceinresearches.
Keywords:
Quantitativeresearch,qualitativeresearch,difference,combination
SectionOneTheIntroductionofQuantitativeResearchandQualitativeResearch
Therearetwoparadigmsinsocialscienceresearch.Oneisthepositivistmethodologyandtheotheristhehumanistmethodology.Thepositivistmethodologysimulatesthenaturalscienceandusesinductivemethodtodiscovernewknowledge,usesthe“hypothesis-deduction”modetotesttheory(Kerlinger,1964),usesthemethodofmathematicalstatisticstoanalyzequantizableempiricalobservationandtoassurethecause-and-effectrelationship.Incomparison,thehumanistmethodologyderivesfromhumanistscienceandemphasizescollecting,comprehendingandexplainingdocuments.
Quantitativeresearchisthespecificationofthepositivistmethodologyanditemphasizesonthequantitativeanalysisandstatisticalcalculation,includingexperimentalmethod,quasi-experimentalmethodandquestionnairemethod,etc.Quantitativeresearchemergedafter1940s’.Thenatureofquantitativeresearchistheuseofstatisticmodeltotesttherelativitybetweentheindependentvariableandthedependentvariable,andinturntotestthehypothesisandtodeducethecause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenthevariables.Quantitativeresearchiswidelyemployedinvariousresearches,suchassocialscienceresearch,environmentandecologyresearch,energyresearchandsoon.Inpractice,quantitativeresearchrequiresthefollowingprocess:
1)toestablishhypothesisandtodeterminethevariablesinthecause-and-effectrelationship;
2)tousethereliabletoolstomeasureandanalyzethevariables;
3)totestthehypothesis;
4)todrawaconclusion.
Incomparison,qualitativeresearchisthespecificationofthehumanistmethodologyandstressestheanalysisofdocumentsandthecomprehension,explanationandannotationoftheobjectsofresearch,includingliteratureanalysismethod,historicalresearch,actionresearch,observationmethod,interview,caseanalysisandethnography,etc.Qualitativeresearchisaexplosiveresearchandaprocessofdiscoveringnewthings.Itisanalysisandresearchofthequalityoftheobjectsandinturntodescribetheobjectsandreflectthecharacteristicsandnatureoftheobjects.
SectionTwoTheDifferencesofQuantitativeResearchandQualitativeResearch
2.1Thedifferentfundamentaltheories
Quantitativeresearchandqualitativeresearchdiffersfromeachotherintheirfundamentaltheories.Quantitativeresearchisbasedontheempiricalphilosophy,specificallythepositivistmethodologywhichholdsthatthesubjectandtheobjectareseparateentities,thatisthesocialphenomenaareobjectiveandoutoftheinfluenceofsubjectivevalue.Theresearchersshouldtakeaneutralstanceinresearches.
Onthecontrary,qualitativeresearchholdsthattheresearchersandtheobjectsarenotindependentfromeachotherandthatthecomprehensionofthesocialphenomenadependsontheinter-relationshipbetweenthetwo.Thusresearchesinsocialsciencecannottakeaneutralstance.
2.2Thedifferentpurposesofresearch
Thequantitativeresearchisaimedatdeterminetherelationshipinfluenceandthecause-and-effectrelationshipoftheobjectswithmoreattentiontoindividualvariablesandelementsandtheirrelationship.Itisusedtofindthequantitativerelationshipandmasterthequantitativecharacteristicsandvariationbymeasuringthesocialrealities,experimentalverification,mathematicstatisticsandvariousmathematicandstatisticanalysisandisalsousedtofindthequantitativeregularitybyexploringtruth,rulesandtheessenceoftheobjectsbythequantitativerelationship,.
Instead,qualitativeresearchisaimedatcomprehendthesocialphenomenawithaheavieremphasisontheopinionsoftheresearchersandwithaviewtocomprehend,explainandexplorethesocialphenomenafromaholisticperspective.What’smore,qualitativeresearchismeanttohaveaninsightintotheobjectsthroughbroadanddelicateresearches.Atthesametime,itwilltakeintoconsiderationtheviewofresearchersandemphasizeontheexplanatorycomprehensionofrealitiesinordertoprovidesomereferencesforsimilarresearchesandtodiscovertheinnermomentumsinvariouseducationalcontext.
2.3Thedifferentresearchapproaches
Quantitativeresearchisbasedonexistingtheories.Thentheresearcherswillputforwardtheoreticalhypothesisandtocollectempiricalevidencestoprovethehypothesis,thepresupposedmodelsandtheories.Itisadeductiveandgeneral-to-specificapproachwhichhighlightstheverificationandextensionoftheexistingtheories.Thequantityintheresearchcomesfromthematerialswhichincludesquantitativerelationandwhicharecollectedbytheresearchers.Alsothosematerialsarereachedbyexpertmeasurementandmathematicalanalysis,andthereforetheyarescientific,objectiveandaccurate.Themajormethodsusedinquantitativeresearchincludequestionnaire,experiment,survey,measurement,statisticmethod,etc.Inordertodiscoverafact,theresearchersinquantitativeresearchwillquantizethecollectedmaterialsandusedatatoprovetheirhypothesis.
Inqualitativeresearch,thereisnotanexistingtheory.Instead,itisaprocessofconstructingtheoriesanditcollectsrelevantmaterialsthroughinterview,casestudy,andsoon.Furthermore,qualitativeresearchemphasizestheinsightfulexploreintoandthecomprehensionofsocialphenomena,fromwhichaproposition,conclusionortheorycanbegeneralized.Inessence,itisageneral-to-specificprocess(StraussandCorbin,1998).What’smore,qualitativeresearchrequiresdescriptivematerialsintheformofwordsorpicturesinsteadoftheformofaccuratedata,whichresultsintheinaccuracyandambiguityofitsconclusion.Themajormethodsusedinqualitativeresearchincludeobservation,in-depthinterview,actionresearchandcasestudy.Theresearchersinqualitativeresearchwillinducethefirst-handmaterialsandtransformthemintotheories.
2.4Thedifferentdegreesofsubjectivity
Quantitativeandqualitativeresearchesbothpursueobjectivity,buthavedifferentdegreesofsubjectivity.Quantitativeresearchisbasedonneutralevidenceandstrivesforobjectivity.Butintheconstructionofhypothesis,theselectionoffactsandtheexplanationanddeductionoftheresults,itcannotguaranteethecompletelyobjectivity.Rather,qualitativeresearchfocusesonunderstandingtheworldwhichtheyobservedfromthepointofviewresearchers,theirmainresearchtoolistheresearcherhimself.Thusitismoresubjectiveandtheresearchprocesscannotavoidsubjectivity.
SectionThreeTheRespectiveCharacteristicsandLimitationofQualitativeResearchandQuantitativeResearch
3.1TheCharacteristicsandLimitationofQualitativeResearch
Therearethreecharacteristicsinquantitativeresearch:
1)Repeatability.Theresearchprocessandthematerialsshouldbedistainedfromtheinfluenceofthepersonalvalues,thatis,theresearchersmustbeobjectiveduringthewholeresearch.Itisadvocatedthatdelicatemeasuringandanalyzinginstrumentstoensuretherepeatabilityoftheresearch;
2)Deduction.Inthequantitativeresearch,theresearchershouldfirstputforwardsomehypothesis.andthentheywillcollectmaterialsandtransformthemintodatainordertoverifyorfalsifytheirhypothesis.Thelogicmethodusedhereisdeduction.
3)Controllability.Thequantitativeresearchusuallyrequiresthecontroloftheirrelevantvariablesortheusesthecontrolgroupstoremovetheinfluenceoftheirrelevantvariables,soastodiscoverthecause-and-effectrelationofthevariablesaccurately.
Themainadvantagesofquantitativeresearchissimpleandconcise,aswellas,persuasive,howevertherearesomelimitation.Ononehand,branchofinstructionistosomeextenthumanistic,butthequantitativeignorethevalueandsignificanceofpeopleanditcanhardlyhaveinsightintothehumanisticaspectofthebranchofinstruction.Ontheotherhand,thequantitativeignorestheelementsthatcannotbequantified.Itemphasizesthequantitativemeasurementandanalysisoftheinstructionactivities.Thusitdistortstheessenceofeducationtosomeextent.
3.2TheCharacteristicsandLimitationofQualitativeResearch
Therearetwocharacteristicsofqualitativeresearch:
1)Induction.Qualitativeresearchemploysinductionasitslogicmethod.Theresearchersmayormaynothaveahypothesisbeforetheresearchandtheygraduallyconstructatheoreticalhypothesisduringtheresearch.Itisatop-downinductiveresearchmodel;
2)Thecharacteristicofnaturalscene.Qualitativeresearchadvocateresearchesinthereallifeandnaturalscene.Theresearchersspendalongtimeindescribeandrecordtheresultsindifferentconditionsinthenaturalscenefromtheperspectiveoftheobject.Therefore,qualitativeresearchisalsocalledfieldresearchorsitestudy.
Atthesametime,therearestillsomelimitationofqualitativeresearch,suchasdifficultyinoperation,thehighrequirementintheresearchers,theinfluenceofthesubjectiveel
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