地质学基础岩石.docx
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地质学基础岩石.docx
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地质学基础岩石
Introduction
一、thedefinitionofengineeringgeology
(1)Engineeringgeologyisaboutapplyingallbranchesofthegeosciencestoassurethesafety,efficiency,andeconomyofengineeringandenvironmentalprojects.
(2)EngineeringGeologyisdevotedtotheinvestigation,studyandsolutionoftheengineeringandenvironmentalproblemswhichmayariseastheresultoftheinteractionbetweengeologyandtheworksandactivitiesofmanaswellastothepredictionandthedevelopmentofmeasuresforpreventionormediationofgeologicalhazards
(3)Whicharemainlyconcernedwiththegeologicalproblemsencounteredincivilengineering.Itsmaintasksistoinvestigateandevaluatethegeologicalengineeringproblems,providethebasicinformationfortheplan,designandconstructionofthecivilengineering.
二、Thepositionofengineeringgeologyinthecivilengineeringcoursesystem
Corecourse
Differentialandintegral→algebra→probabilityandstatisticsengineeringmath→Physics→Chemical
Technologicalcorecourse.
Surveying→engineeringmapping→(buildingorroad)materials→surveyingengineering→engineeringgeology→soil(rock)mechanics→theoreticalmechanics
materialmechanics
structuremechanics
elasticorplasticmechanics
hydrolic-mechanics
Specializedcourse
concreteorlayingbodystructure→steelstructure
→roadengineering(subgradeandpavementengineering)
thedesignofroadsurvey
→bridgeengineering
→trafficengineering
foundationengineering
constructiontechnology(building…)
engineeringmanagementandbudgetestimation
engineeringbiddingrehabilitation(building、brigde、road…)
三、Geotechnicalengineeringcoursesystems
whichismianlyconcernedabouttheuse(utilization)andharnessofthesoilandrocksbodyincivilengineering.
Maincourses:
engineeringgeology→soilmechanics→rockmechanics-→soilorrockengineeringinvestigation→engineeringexamination
civilengineeringshouldcomprisenearlyeveryaspectsabouthuman
engineeringactivities,suchas:
Buildingengineering→Railwayengineering
Highwayengineering→Bridgeengineering
Undergroundengineering→Hydraulicengineering
Harbourengineering→Offshoreengineering
四、themainsubstanceaboutengineeringgeology
thepurposeofstudyingGEistoprovidegoodgeologicalenvironmentforengineeringortoevaluateandforecasttheengineeringgeologicalproblemsthatmayoccurredintheperiodoftheservicetimeofthebuilding.onthisbase,togivetheeffectiveengineeringpreventionmethods.
-buildinggroundforbuildingEn.
-subgradeandslopegeologicalconditionforroadEn.
-basementandrivercrosssectionforbridgeEn.
Whatisgeologicalenvironment?
Isthereanyrelationsbetweengeologicalenvironmentandengineering?
--thestudyabouttopographyandlandforms
--thestudyaboutthefundamentalengineeringproperties(physicalandmechanics)ofsoilsandrock
--geologicalstructure
--hydrogeology
--theanalysesofengineeringgeologicalproblems
--theengineeringinvestigation
五Demands(requirements)
1tomasterthebasicconceptaboutEG
2tocomprehendthemaingeologicalproblemsoccurredinengineering.knowingthathowtheproblemshappened,howcanwepreventit.
3classroomdiscipline
4finishthehomeworkontime
ChapterOne:
Rock
§1-1:
Geologicalaction
1.Whatisgeologicalaction:
[definitionofGeo.action]
----meantheactionsthatmakealterationforthecomposition,structure,shapeoftherockcyclebecauseofthenaturaldynamics.
2TheclassificationoftheGeo.Action
(1)outer-dynamicsgeologicalaction
dynamicsourceisfromthesun,gravity,attractionforcebetweensunandmoon.
A:
Weathering→theRockisdestroyedattheplacewhereitwasformedbecauseoftheouterdynamics
B:
Erosion→Rockbodyisseparatedfromitsmotherrockbecauseofthewater,wind,glacier.
C:
Carrying→theprocessthatrockiscarriedfromoneplacetoantherplace.Becauseof…
D:
Sedimentation→theprocessinwhichthecarryingmaterialssinktothebottomofgroundwhenthepowerofgravityofthematerialsisbiggerthanthecarryingforce
E:
Rock-formationaction→theprocessthatthematerialssunktogroundsurfacetobecomehardorsolidrockbody.
(2)inner-dynamicsgeologicalaction
(thedynamicssourceisfromearth)
A:
Crustmovement
B:
Magmatism(magmaticactivities)
(magmaticintrusionandvolcaniceruption)
C:
Earthquake
D:
Metamorphism
Becauseofthehighpressureandortemperature,therockischangedtoanewkindofrock,Thisrockiscalledmetamorphicrock..
Everygeologicalphenomenaistheresultofgeologicalaction.Including:
Amineral,rock,Landshape(mountain,river,plain..)Tectonics
§1-2:
Innerstructureofearth
§1-3:
Themainmineralsintherock
Sincemineralsarethebuildingblocksofrocks,itisimportantthatyoulearntoidentifythemostcommonvarieties.Mineralscanbedistinguishedusingvariousphysicaland/orchemicalcharacteristics,but,sincechemistrycannotbedeterminedreadilyinthefield,thephysicalpropertiesofmineralsareusedtoidentifythem.
Physicalpropertiesofmineralsincludefeaturessuchascrystalform,hardness(relativetoasteelbladeoryoufingernail),colour,luster,andstreak(thecolourwhenamineralisgroundtoapowder).
streak(条痕)
1.Quartz(sio2)
Quartzisaglassylooking,transparentortranslucentmineralwhichvariesincolourfromwhiteandgreytosmoky.Whenthereareindividualcrystalstheyaregenerallyclear,whileinlargermassesquartzlooksmoremilkywhite.Quartzishard-itcaneasilyscratchasteelknifeblade.Inmanyrocks,quartzgrainsareirregularinshapebecausecrystalfacesarerareandquartzdoesnothaveacleavage(ie,itdoesnotbreakonregularflatfaces).
2.Calcite(Caco3),dolomite,carbonaterock
Shape:
rhomb(菱形)
Hardness:
3
Actingwithacid:
givingoffcarbondioxide.
3.Dolomite(白云石,Mgco3)
Sameascalcite
Actingwithpowderofdolomitewillgiveoffcarbondioxide
4.feldspar(silicaterock)
orthoclase:
正长石
plagioclase:
斜长石
Feldspar:
Feldsparistheothercommon,light-colouredrock-formingmineral.Insteadofbeingglassylikequartz,itisgenerallydulltoopaquewithaporcelain-likeappearance.Colourvariesfromred,pink,andwhiteFeldsparisalsohardbutcanbescratchedbyquartz.Feldsparinigneousrocksformswelldevelopedcrystalswhichareroughlyrectangularinshape,andtheycleaveorbreakalongflatfaces.Thegrains,incontrasttoquartz,oftenhavestraightedgesandflatrectangularfaces,someofwhichmeetatrightangles.
5.Amphibole(角闪石)
Amphibole:
Themostcommonamphiboleishornblende.Hornblendeisquitesimilartoaugiteinthatbotharedarkminerals,howeverhornblendecrystalsaregenerallylonger,thinnerandshinierthanaugiteandthemineralcross-sectionsarediamond-shaped.
6.Pyroxene:
Themostcommonpyroxenemineralisaugite.Augiteisgenerallydarkgreentoblackincolourandformsshort,stubbycrystalswhich,ifyoulookatanend-onsection,havesquareorrectangularcross-sections.
7mica
Mica:
Micaiseasilydistinguishedbyitscharacteristicofpeelingintomanythinflatsmoothsheetsorflakes.Thisissimilartothecleavageinfeldsparexceptthatinthecaseofmicathecleavageplanesareinonlyonedirectionandnorightanglefacejoinsoccur.Micamaybewhiteandpearly(muscovite)ordarkandshiny(biotite).
8Talc
Talc:
Talcoccursingranularorfoliatedmassessometimesknownassoapstone.Itiswhitetogreen,sometimesgreyorbrownish.Itisverysoftandwillbescratchedbyafingernail.Ithasagreasyfeel
9Gypsum(plasterstone,石膏)
10Kaolinite(高岭石)
11Montmorillonite
12.Watermica
luster:
soilluster
absorbingwater
§1-4:
Rock
一.Theclassificationofrockaccordingtothecauseofformation
igneousrock:
abyssalrock
shallowrock
eruptiverock
sedimentaryrock:
clasticrock
clayrock
chemicalrock
biochemicalrock
metamophicrock:
二.igneousrock:
1theformationofigneousrock:
DeepwithintheEarth,rockiskeptinamoltenstateduetoextremetemperatureandpressure. Thismoltenrockiscalledmagma. Themagmaisconstantlymovingandsometimesmovesitswaytothesurfacethroughthecracksinthesolidrock. Onceitreachesthesurface,itiscalledlava. Thelocationitpushesthroughtothesurfaceiscalledavolcano. Theopeninginthevolcanothatthelavaeruptsoutofiscalledavent(火山口). Formanyvolcanos,thereismorethanonevent. Oftenvolcanoshaveafunnelshapewithapitatthetop. Thispitiscalledavolcaniccrater. Ifthiscraterbecomesverylarge,thewallsofthecratermightcollapsetoproduceafeaturecalledacaldera
2theclasscificationofigneousrock:
(按产状)
IntrusiveIgneousRocks-usuallymediumtocoarsegrainedtextureduetoslowcooling.Typicallylightcoloured.
ExtusiveIgneousRocks-glassyorfine-grainedduetorapidcooling.Mayhavevoidsduetodegassingofthemagma.Typicallydarkcoloured.
(斑状构造、流纹、杏仁、气孔)
(按二氧化硅和矿物含量)
SilicaContentandMineralComposition
AcidIgneousRocks-silicarich(>65%byweight)composedmainlyoffelsicorlightcolouredminerals(eg.feldspars,quartz)
IntermediateIgneousRocks-silica50-65%byweight,composedmainlyofplagiocalsefeldspars,somemaficminerals,withsomequartz.
BasicIgneousRocks-silicapoor(<50%byweight)containsignificantamountsofmaficordarkcolouredferromagnesianminerals(eg.olivines,pyroxenes,amphiboles,micas).Nofreequartz.
3thedescriptionofmainigneousrock:
granite:
(abyssalrock)
Graniteisanigneousrockthatiscomposedoffourminerals.Thesemineralsarequartz,feldspar,mica,andusuallyhornblende.Graniteformsasmagm
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