外事翻译中的解释性翻译.docx
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外事翻译中的解释性翻译.docx
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外事翻译中的解释性翻译
1Introduction
Leninsaid:
“languageisthemostimportanttoolinhumancommunication."Languageisanexclusivemediaforhumantoexchangethoughts.Duetotherapiddevelopmentinscienceandtechnologyanddeepeninginterdependenceamongcountries,nocountrycouldalienatefromtheworld.Becausethedifferentcountrieshavetheirowndistinctivelanguages,theexchangesbetweendifferentcountriesleanupontranslation.Translationcanbridgethegapinvariouscommunicationactivities,forinstance,inforeignaffairscommunication.
Thecorepartofdiplomacyistohandletheinternationalaffairsandsettledisputesviaconferences,talksandnegotiations.Andoraltalkingandpaperwritingaretwomajorwaysinforeignaffairs.Inasense,theinterpreteristhe"mouth"and"ear"fortheleadersininternationalarena.Translationplaysanindispensableroleinbidirectionaltransferringlanguage,eliminatingthelanguagebarrierandconveyingtheinformation.Diplomacyalwaysmattersalotsinceancienttimes,sothelevel,qualityoftranslationdirectlydeterminetheforeignactivitiesaswellastherelationshipbetweenthetwonations.Tosomeextent,theinterpreternotonlyactsasthetranslator,butalsoasadiplomatwithdeepunderstandingaboutbothpoliticsandculturalbackground.Diplomaticlanguageistheembodimentofthenationalpolicyandthesolemnpromisetoothergovernments.Therefore,diplomatictranslationshouldscrupulouslyabidebythecriterionof"faithfulness”,whichmeanstoconveytheexactmeaninginanaccurate,completeway.Thetranslatoralmosthasnorighttoshiftthemeaningofthesourcelanguage.
Buteverycountryholdsitsowndistinctivefeaturesinpolitics,economy,culture,religionandcustoms,meanwhile,thesenationsalsobeholdtheirownlanguages.Soinforeignaffairs,itwillmakenosensejusttoexplaineverywordbyroteinsteadofpolishingit.Withnoaidfromtheexplanatorytranslation,thetranslationwillconfuseforeignersandevensparksomemisunderstandings."Exchangeandcommunicationarealwaystheaimoftranslation"(Nida,1993:
111).Anyinformationwhichcannotbeexchangedisuseless.Aqualifiedinterpretershouldnotbeaslaveofwordformation,butabridge-builderinexchangingthoughts.Heshouldknowhowtomakeitcleartothereaders.Inthisrespect,tocomplementsomeunknownbackgroundinformation,hecouldaddoneortwowordsormakesomeexplanatorytranslationthathethoughtarebeneficialforthediplomaticwork.SinceChinacarriedouttheopening-upreform,ontheonehand,thesocialandideologysystemshavetakenworld-shakingchanges;ontheotherhand,thelanguage,asthesymbolofexchanginginformation,thoughts,notionandfeelingalsoexperiencestremendouschanges.SomeuniquewordscannotfindtheirequivalenceinEnglish,soitissignificanttotranslatethesewordswellwhenintroducingdomesticpolicies.
Theso-calledexplanatorytranslationoramplificationtranslationmeanstotranslatesomeambiguousmeaningbyaddingsomephrasesorsentencesinordertomakethetargetlanguagemoreacceptable.Thus,inthisinternationalarena,toimplementtheexplanatorytranslationisofgreatimportance,especiallyindealingwithculturalconflictsandreligiousconflicts.Theexplanatorytranslationisjustlikeabridgetoconnectpeoplefromdifferentnations,withnoregardtodifferentcolors,evendifferentbeliefs.
2ExplanatoryTranslationfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheory
Inthispartwhatwillbediscussedistheexplanatorytranslationfromtheperspectiveofrelevancetheoryandthenecessityofusingexplanatorytranslationinforeignaffairscommunication.
2.1ExplanatoryTranslation
Theso-calledexplanatorytranslationoramplificationtranslationmeanstotranslatesomeambiguousmeaningbyaddingsomephrasesorsentencesinordertomakethetargetlanguagemoreacceptable.
2.1.1TheFunctionofExplanatoryTranslation
Function1:
CulturalTransmitter
Differentlanguageshavedifferentculturalbackgrounds,whichconstitutetheobstaclesintheinter-culturalcommunication.Therefore,explanatory-translationisplayingacrucialroleinthe"culturaltransplant"byexplainingtheculturaldetailscontainedinatext.
Thewell-knownBritishtheoreticaltranslatorPeterNewmarksaid"Asalastresort,explanationisthetranslation.Theprocessoftranslationactuallyistousetargetlanguagetoexplainsourcelanguage,conveyingthemeaningcontainedinit."(PeterNewmark,1981:
13)
But"culturalshock"hasagreatimpactonus,thuswe'rerequirednotonlytotranslatetheliteralmeaning,butalsotheuniquemeaningofculturalbackground.Inotherwords,withtheculturalglobalization,translationisnolongerexplainingwordbyword,sentencebysentenceanditalsoactsasaculturaltransmitter.Whenonetalksaboutaplacetotheforeigners,onehadbetteraddsomewordstoexplain,althoughChinesereadershavealreadyhadattheirfingertips.Forexample:
里边有一洞,叫白龙洞,传说白蛇传的白娘子在这修炼。
(Theversionshouldbe:
NeartheforestistheWhiteDragonCavewhichissaidtobetheveryplacewhereladywhite,thelegendaryheroineofthestoryoftheWhiteSnake,cultivatedherselfaccordingtoBuddhistdoctrine).
Andthewesternersdonotknowwholadywhiteis.UnderthiscircumstanceweshouldexplainthatitisalegendaryfolkloreofChina,andsheisapersonwithasnakeprecursor.However,manytranslatorsareinterferedbytheirmotherlanguage,theyareoftenlackofsenseofmeaning,thustheymaycauseaseriesofproblems,likewrongtranslation,impropertranslation,misunderstanding,evenconflicts.Inodertoconveythemeaningtothewesternersclearly,explanatorytranslationisnecessaryasthebridgeconnectingdifferentcultures.
Function2:
MaketheLanguageBriefandtothePoint
Oneoftheimportantthingintranslationisbeingexplicit,whichmeanstranslalstionshouldbeclearandbrief.ChinaisinfluencedbyConfucianism,andpeoplealwaystalkimplicitly,fulloftwistsandturns,andareinclinedtocitesomeaphorism,whichalwayscausessomemisunderstandings.Therefore,nomatterhowsuccessfultheChinesetextsare,iftranslatedintoEnglishliterally,theywillnotbeeasyandsmoothtranslationandsometimesmakeforeignersfeelconfused.InChina,there'resomanyissuesthatpeoplejustuseconciseandcomprehensivewordsinordertoconveyinformationconveniently,suchas"扫黄,打非,严打,三陪"andsoon.Asforforeigners,theyprobablydonotknowwhatthesewordsarepointingtoifwetranslateliterally.Inthissituation,thetranslatorshouldexplaininformationindetailssothatthewesternerscanunderstandwhatthewordsaredrivingat.SometimestranslatorstranslateChineseintoEnglish,addingexplanationwithChinesealphabetorphoneticspelling.Especiallyinforeignaffairs,thetranslationshouldavoidverbosity.Withthehelpofexplanatorytranslation,onecanavoidmanyunnecessaryproblemsandexpressthemeaningclearlytotheaudience.Thentheaudiencewillnotbecompletelyataloss.
2.1.2TheFeaturesofExplanatoryTranslation
Theexplanatorytranslationholdsthecommonfeaturesofthetranslation,thatistoputonelanguageintoanother,actingasbridgeforcommunicationandadheringtothe"faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance"putforwardbyYanfu.Besidethis,explanatorytranslationalsohasitsownfeatures,especiallyinforeignaffairs.
Feature1:
Well-knit
Languageinforeignaffairsmustbestrictandaccurate,andconscientiousnessisamust-bequalityofthetranslator.Manyproblemsaredirectlyattributedtothelanguagefaultiness.ZhouEnlaioncesaid:
"diplomaticworkismoredifficultthananyothers.Youcangetforgivenessifyouareacommonperson(Net1).Butforeignaffairsaredifferent,onceifyourvulnerablepointswasexposed,youwillnevereventhesituation."Thus,accuracyispriortoanythingelseandexplanatorytranslationshouldputthesourcelanguagecorrectly.Butforeignaffairsofteninvolvescooperation,publicitymaterials,thusagoodtranslationaffectstherelationshipbetweenbothcountries.
Feature2:
AwarenessofthePoliticalIssue
Inforeignaffairs,thetargetsareofteninternationalinstitution,organization,eventheheadofthestate.Asatranslatorheshouldknowtheinternationalsituationclearly,especiallythepoliticalissuelikehumanity,territoryintegrity.Hence,explanatorytranslationisdifferentfromthecommontranslation,becauseitrequiresthegoodtacklewiththepoliticalissue.
Andwhenthesourcelanguageinvolvesstance,policyorattitudeofourcountry,thetranslatorshouldnottranslateatrandom.Forexample,whenweadoptthe"Threeno'spolicy"towardthenuclearissue.WemusttranslatewhatThreeno's"are.(ItisChineseGovernment’spolicynottoadvocate,encourageorengageinnuclearproliferation)andlikeNationalPeople’sCongress,itisbettertoadditisthehighestplacewhichexecutestatepowerinChina.
Feature3:
CombinationofEtiquette,PolicyandDiscipline
Ourcountryisanationofetiquetteandcivilization.Asawindowtowardoutside,thetranslationshouldreflectthecivilization,andthecombinationofthepolicyanddiscipline.Theforeignaffairsaimatadvancingtheinfluenceofourcountry,maintainingthebenefitofourpeople,thereby,anylanguageshouldmeettheneedsofthepolicy.Meanwhile,thetranslationmustcomplywiththedisciplinary.
Butforeignaffairstranslationhasitsownstyleandvocabularyonspecialoccasions.Andwediscusseditinthefollowing:
●Speechandtoast.Thistypeofstylewiththemainfeaturesofwrittenlanguageisverypoliteandformal,sometimesfullofpassionandrhetoricaldevices.
●Prot
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