英语演讲与辩论.docx
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英语演讲与辩论.docx
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英语演讲与辩论
英语演讲与辩论
Unit1Motions
TypesofMotions:
1.Motionsofvalue:
theyaremotionsofmoralorphilosophicalrightsorwrongs.E.g.,Libertyshouldbevaluedmorethanequality.
Capitalpunishmentisinherentlyunjust.
Abenevolentdictatorshipisthebestformofgovernment.
Itismoraltoactivelytakeoneinnocentlifetosavethenothers.
2.Motionsofpolicy:
theyareplansforsolvinganextantproblem.
ThisHousewouldabandonthecivilianuseofnuclearpower.
ThisHousewouldprohibitspeecheswhichincitehatred.
ThisHousebelievesthatEuropeanGovernmentsshouldpayparentstohavechildren.3.Aclosedmotionhasalimitedscopeforinterpretation,asemi-closedmotionhasalarger
scopeandanopenmotionenjoyscomparativelyfreeinterpretation.
Aclosedmotion:
e.g.ThisHousewouldabolishInternationalWomen’sDay.(FLTRP2006)P14
WhiletheircounterpartsarecelebratingIWDhappilyintheurbanareas,thewomenintheruralareasmightbeworriedaboutfoodfortheirchildren,nottosayforthemselves.Wehavetorememberthatmorethan30millionpeopleinChinaarelivingunderthepovertyline,ofwhichmorethanhalfarewomen.Ladiesandgentlemen,havingthisinmind,doyoustillwanttocelebrateIWD?
Asemi-closedmotion:
thekeytermsinthemotionshouldbedelineatedandthescopeofthe
motionshouldbenarroweddowntoavoidthedebaterunninginalldirections.E.g.This
HousewouldinterveneinSyria.P15
Intervention:
economic,diplomatic,military
Firstly,mymightfocusondiplomaticinterventionandinterpretthemotionasfollows:
weareheretodebatethemotion.ItisevidentthatthisresolutionisreferringtotheongoingcontroversyinSyria.Thatisthebasisfortoday’sdebate.Ourmodelissimple:
requestingcountrieslikeRussiato
issuepressuresontheAssadAdministrationtonegotiatewiththeprotesters.Secondly,wemightinterpretthemotionwithregardtoeconomicsanctions.Ladiesandgentlemen,thousandsofciviliansinSyriaarebeingkilledorarrestedsimplybecausetheyhavedifferentopinionswiththeAssadAdministration.Wecannotactasonlookersanymore.WeareheretocallforeconomicsanctionsontheAssadAdministrationtoforcethemtostopthecrueltreatmentto
people’sproperappeals.
Thirdly,wemightinterpretthemotionintermsofmilitaryintervention.
In1982,attheclimaxofasix-yearIslamicinsurgencythroughoutSyria,PresidentHafezal-AssadorderedascorchedearthpolicyagainstthetownofHamatoquellanuprising.In1982,theworlddidnothing,andthosewithpowerthatstoodbyarecomplicitinthedeathsofthosepeople.Thirtyyearslater,thepeopleofSyriaonceagainneedourhelp,andifwestandbyanddonothing,theirbloodwillonourhands.
Anopenmotion:
alinkablemotion,whichallowsawidevarietyofdefinitions.E.g.This
housebelievesthattheglassishalffull.(WUDC1998)
Themotionisbasedonafamousallusionastowhethertheglassishalffullorhalfempty,andcanbeinterpretedas“MostChinesepeoplearesatisfiedwiththeirlivingstandard.”Or“Womenplay
anactiveroleinthesociety.”
1
RulesforInterpretingaMotion
1.Theinterpretation,ordefinition,shouldbeclear.Itisalwaysagoodideatousemost
frequentlyusedwordsforthedefinitionratherbigorformalones,esp.thoseborrowedfrom
French,LatinorGreek.
2.Theinterpretationshouldnotbeatautology,whichisaremarkoranassertionthatistrueor
self-proving.E.g.ThegiftfromtheDepartmentStoreisfreeofcharge./gift—freeofcharge
ThishousebelievestheOlympicGamesshouldnotbecommercialized./commercialize—makea
profit./Non-profitablegamesshouldnotbeexpectedtomakeaprofit.
3.Theinterpretationshouldnotbetruism,whichreallyisnotdisputable.4.Theinterpretationshouldnotbeplace-setortime-set.(Itissetinthedebatefieldandinthe
present)
Case
Caseiscomprisedof4basicelements:
thecasestatement,arguments,relevantevidencesandrebuttals.
1.casestatement:
standard/position/stancethedebatesidetakes/thegeneralreason/burden
ofproof(Burdenofproofreferstothespeaker’sdutyandresponsibilitytoprovethe
proposalinquestionisjustifiedor/andeffective.)
E.g.Thishousewouldpaycompaniestohireex-convicts.
Pro:
Thestatehasaduty-bothtothoseformerprisonersandsocietyingeneral-totryandmakesurethatthoseindividualsdonoreturntocrime,andjoinsocietyaslaw-biding,productive,andhappycitizens.Thatiswhatourcaseisabouttoday.Secondly,Iwillshowyouhowemployment
specificallyisanimportantpartofrehabilitation.
Oppo:
Thecaseyou’veheardtodayiswell-meaning,butultimatelycounter-productive.Our
stanceissimple:
atbest,thispolicyisineffective.Atworst,itmakeslifeharderforthemostvulnerable.Assuch,thecoreofourcasetodaydirectlyclasheswiththesecondpointoftheopeningspeaker:
Thisisnotaneffectivewaytorehabilitate.(Q3)
Thishousebelievesthatcaginganimalsinzoosisimmoral.
TheburdenoftheGovernmentistoprovetoyouthatconsideringcaginganimalsiszoosimmoralwillyieldfarmorebenefitstohumans,thanthepersistingandshamefulstatusquo.2.anargument:
anideausedtosupportthecasestatement,whichconsistsoftwobasic
elements:
theclaimandthereason(主张和理由).
Theclaim:
thepointthatthespeakerintendstomake,thestanceorthepositionthatwetakeinthedebate.
Thereasonexplainswhythespeakerintendstomakethepoint.
Argument=Claim(Thedeathpenaltyisimmoral)+Reason(Itencouragestherevenge.)
E.Wehadbetternotpackallargumentsintoonespeech,becausewedonothave
enoughtimetooffereffectivereasoning.Wesuggest,foreachcase,andinasfew
wordsaspossible,groupingideasunder3-4arguments.
3.Evidence:
thefactualinformationtocreatethelinkbtwtheclaim&thecaseinpoint.Itmightbeexamples,statisticsortestimonyusedtosupportanargument.4.Argument=Claim+Reason(evidence1+evidence2+evidence3+…)
Typesofargumentorreasoning:
example,analogy,cause-effect,bysign,from
authority/testimony
2
specificexamples?
ageneraltheoryorassumption:
induction
Viceversa:
deduction
Analogy:
whichprovesanargumentshouldwellbetrueforananalogoussituation.E.g.This
Housebelievesthatthepublichastherighttoknowwhenincrisis.(Thecrisiscouldbebird
flue,orSARS,whichwillcauseahighdeathrate.Ifpeopleknewtheinformation,nosocialchaoswouldbecaused.
Cause-effect:
E.g.Thishousewouldlegalizethesaleoforgans.(Themotioncanbeinterpreted
asThesaleofHumankidneysshouldbelegalized.Ifso,theeffectwouldbethatalargenumberofpoorpeopleselltheirkidneys,askidneysareingreatdemand.Evenworse,whenpeopleareingreatneed,theywillirresponsiblyselltheirkidneysasitisoneofthemostconvenientsourcesformoney.
Indebate,oneofthemostcommonformsofcausalreasoningisthedisadvantageornegativeconsequences.
Reductiontoabsurdity(归谬法,反证法)/proofbycontradiction:
Ifwewanttoprovexistrue,we
firstassumexisnottrue.Fromourassumption,wemaydrawacontradictoryconclusion,whichistheoppositeofthefact.Thus,weconcludethatourassumptionmustbefalse.E.g.Thehousebelievesthatthemarriagewithoutloveisimmoral.
(Argument:
Let’sassumethatmarriagewithoutloveismoral.Ifso,onepartnerofamarriagenottakingcareoftheseriouslyillpartnerismorallyacceptable;onepartnerofamarriageleavingachildunderthecareoftheotheroneismorallyacceptable.Obviously,itisabsurd.Therefore,marriagewithoutloveisimmoral.)
Rebuttals:
theargumentmadetorefutetheopponent’sargumentordefendthespeaker’sargument.
*PMdoesnothavetorefute.
*LOcannotusetherepairing-orientedrebuttalstrategiesasheorshedoesnothavetorepairanyargument.
Rebuttalstrategies:
theMeanyandShusterModel,proposingacounterplan,challengingthe
burdenofproof,offeringstrategicagreement,announcinganargumentativeturn,comparing
consequences,shiftingconcepts,assertinginvalidityofargumentsanddiggingoutmissed
arguments.
Offeringstrategicagreement(让步性反驳策略,以退为进):
aneffectivewayforLOtorefutethe
PM’sargument.TheLOmightstrategicallyconcedeoradmitthatoneortwooftheweakerargumentsoftheProaretrueinordertorefutemoreeffectively.Withstrategicagreementorconcession,weprepareourselvesformorefierceattack.
E.g1.ThisHousewouldpaycivilservanthighsalariestofightcorruption.(FLTRP2006)(PM:
whencivilservantsarepaidlowwages,thebesttalentwillleaveforbetter-paidpositions,whilethosethatremainwillbetemptedtousetheirpositionstomakemoneywhenpossible.Rebuttal:
Itisnecessarytopaycivilservantshighsalariesinordertoprovethepointthatahighsalarymightresultinmorecorruptionasgreedknowsnoboundsandthereisnoclearlineforhow
highishigh.)
E.g2.ThisHousewouldpaycompaniestohireex-convicts.
3
(PM:
thestatehasthedutytorehabilitateex-prisoners.
Rebuttal:
thestatehasthedutytorehabilitateex-prisoners,butthegoalofrehabilitationisnomoreimportantthananyothergoalofthelegalsystemlikedeterrence,fairness,andbalance.Whenthestateofferschancesforex-convicts,ittakesjobsawayfromothergroupsofpeople.Theprofailstoexplainwhyex-convictsmattermorethanothervulnerablegroupsofpeople,whichshouldbethepro’sburdenofproof.Theproposalisnotjustified.Secondly,thesocialstigmasonex-convictsfiguredoutbythePMaretrue,butinthemeanwhile,the
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