精品美国nextgenerationsciencestandards科学教学大纲grad.docx
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精品美国nextgenerationsciencestandards科学教学大纲grad.docx
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精品美国nextgenerationsciencestandards科学教学大纲grad
美国Next-Generation-Science-Standards-科学教学大纲-Grades-k-2年级
1.Life
●Animals
TheunitAnimalshelpsstudentsdiscoverwhatmakesanimalssimilarandwhatmakesthemdifferent.Understandingthediversityamonganimalshelpsstudentsappreciateandenjoytheuniquenessofallcreatures.Topicsincludehabitat,diet,bodyparts,movement,specialabilities,andmore.
Studentsneedtothinkabouthowtheytreatanimalsandhowaretheyfitintotheanimalkingdom.
●Living/Non-Living
Thisunithelpsstudentsexploretheimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwo.Italsoaddressestopicssuchas:
Non-livingcomponentsoflivingthings,nurselogs,seastars,babiesandparents,andcells.
●Plants
Thisunithelpsstudentsexplorewhatplantsrequireforsurvival,howplantsgrow,plantpartsandtheirfunctions,howpeopleandotheranimalsuseplants,specialtypesofplants,wheredifferentkindsofplantscanbefound,andotherplant-relatedtopics.
StudentsmaygainanappreciationfortheamazingdiversityofplantlifeonEarthandtheextensiverolesthatplantsplayintheirlives.
●Senses
Thisunithelpsstudentsexplorehowandwhyhumansusetheirfivesenses.Itaddressesthebodypartsusedforeachsense,aswellashowthesesensescommunicatewiththebraintomakemeaningoftheincominginformation.Theunitalsoaddresseshoweachsensekeepsussafe.
Itisimportantforstudentstoappreciateandprotecttheirsensessotheycanlearnfromtheworldaroundthemandhavealifetimefullofrichexperiences.
2.Earth&Space
●Earth,Moon,andSun
ThisunithelpsstudentsunderstandthatEarthrotatesonitsaxis,EarthrevolvesaroundtheSun,andtheMoonrevolvesaroundEarth. Humanshaveanever-growingunderstandingofhowtheEarth,Moon,andSunmoveandinteract.Thisunderstandinghelpsstudentsmakesenseofwhattheyseeinthesky,bothbydayandbynight.
Anunderstandingofournearbyspaceneighborhoodcanalsoinspirefutureexplorationdeeperintospace,whichmaysomedayevenincludethediscoveryoflifeondistantplanets.
●Weather
Thisunithelpsstudentsexploreweather'smanydifferentaspects,includingtemperature,wind,clouds,precipitation,andstorms.Certainunitmaterialsaddresswhatcausestheweathertooccur.Theunitalsodrawsconnectionsbetweentheseasonsandtheirweatherpatterns.
Thisunitprovidesopportunitiesforstudentstolearnmoreaboutnaturalweatherphenomenatheyobserveintheireverydaylives.Understandingtheweathercanalsoprepareustotakeprecautionsthatwillkeepussafeintheeventofsevereweather.
●Earth’ssurface
ThisunithelpsstudentsexplorethelandandwaterthatmakeupEarth'ssurface.Earth'ssurfaceisshapedintovariouslandformsbygravity,wind,water,andthemovementsofEarth'scrust.Earth'ssurfaceprovideseverythingneededforlifetothrive,includingshelter,food,andwater.
UnderstandingEarth’ssurfacewillhelpstudentsappreciatetheuniquenessofourplanetandmayencouragethemtotakeactiontoprotectit.
3.Physical
●Doingwork
Thisunithelpsstudentsexploretheconceptsofworkandforce.Studentswilllearnthattheamountofworkrequiredtoperformataskdependsontheamountofforceneededtomoveit,aswellasthedistanceanobjectwillbemoved.
●Energy
Thisunithelpsstudentsunderstandwhatenergyis.Unitmaterialsfocusprimarilyonfiveimportanttypesofenergy:
light,sound,motion,heat,andelectrical.Eachenergytypeisdefinedandsupportedwitheverydayexamples.
It’simportanttounderstandwhereenergycomesfrom,howitbehaves,andwhyitisvaluabletous.Bybecomingfamiliarwithdifferenttypesofenergy,studentscanbetterappreciatehavingtheenergysourcestheyrelyuponindailylives.
●Light
Thisunithelpsstudentsexplorethepropertiesoflight:
whereitcomesfrom,howitmoves,andhowitinteractswithobjects.
Understandingthephysicalpropertiesoflighthelpsusanticipatehowlightwillbehaveasweuseitandinteractwithit.Lightalsoaddstothebeautyandcomplexityoftheworldaroundus.
●Properties
Thisunitexplainshowshape,color,texture,weight,stateofmatter,andotherpropertiescanbeusedtoidentify,describe,andcomparematter.Theunitalsoexplainsthatwechoosetomakethingsoutofmaterialsthathavethepropertiesweneedorwant.
Identifyingpropertiesofobjectshelpsusmakedecisionsandcommunicatewithprecision.Practicingcarefulobservationwillpreparestudentstobecomesuccessfulscientistsandcitizens.Itmayalsoallowthemtoappreciatethespecialqualitiesofthethingsaroundthemthattheymightnormallytakeforgranted.
●Magnets
Inthisunit,studentswilllearnthatmagnetsbehaveinpredictableways,makingthemreliableandvaluabletools.
●Thingsmove
Thisunitexplainstheseforces,anditdescribesthemovementofobjects,includinghowforcescanmovethings,stopthem,andchangetheirspeedanddirection.Knowinghowandwhythingsmoveallowsustowork,play,getaround,andcompleteeverydaytasks.
4.Process
●Tools
1.Thermometers
Thermometersaretoolsusedformeasuringtemperature.Byusingtheresourcesbelow,studentswilllearnaboutthisimportantsciencetoolandpracticeusingitinmeaningfulways.
2.BalanceScales
Thermometersaretoolsusedformeasuringtemperature.Byusingtheresourcesbelow,studentswilllearnaboutthisimportantsciencetoolandpracticeusingitinmeaningfulways.
3.LengthMeasurement
Manyscientificinvestigationsandexperimentsrequireaccuratelengthmeasurement.Byusingtheresourcesbelow,studentswilllearnabouttoolsusedformeasuringlength,includingrulers,metersticks/yardsticks,andmeasuringtapes.
Studentswillalsopracticeusingtheseimportantsciencetools.ResourcesprovideinstructioninbothmetricandU.S.customaryunits.
4.HandLenses
Handlensesaretoolsthatassistinscientificobservation.Byusingtheresourcesbelow,studentswilllearnabouthandlensesandpracticeusingthisimportantsciencetool.
●Skills
1.Hypotheses
Hypothesesarestatementsthatpredictanoutcomeandprovideapotentialexplanationforanexperiment,basedonpriorknowledge.Byusingtheresourcesbelow,studentswilllearnaboutthisimportantscienceskillandpracticemakinggoodhypotheses.
2.DataSheets
Collectingdataisacrucialpartofofanyscientificendeavor.Thismini-lessonwillshowstudentshowtocollectandorganizetheirdatausingadatasheet.
3.UsingDiagrams
Inscience,usingdiagramsisanimportantwaytopresentinformation.Byusingtheresourceslistedbelow,studentswilllearnaboutdifferenttypesofdiagrams.Theywillalsohaveopportunitiestopracticereadingandcreatingdiagrams.
4.DrawConclusions
Inscience,aninvestigationisnotcompletewithoutdrawingaconclusion.Byusingtheresourceslistedbelow,studentswilllearnaboutseveralimportantpartsofagoodconclusion.Theywillalsohaveopportunitiestopracticewritingandjudgingconclusionsforsamplescienceexperiments.
5.Observationvs.Inference
Inscientificstudy,bothobservationsandinferencesareimportant.Byusingtheresourceslistedbelow,studentswilllearnaboutthedifferencebetweenobservationsandinferences.Theywillalsohaveopportunitiestoapplywhattheyhavelearned.
6.IdentifyandControlVariables
Itisimportanttoidentifythevariablesinascientificinvestigationandtobeabletocontrolthosevariables.Otherwise,itmaybeimpossibletoyieldreliableresultsandtodrawvalidconclusions.Thisunitwillhelpstudentsdistinguishamongindependent,dependent,andcontrolledvariables.
7.UsingGraphs
Throughoutscientificstudy,studentswillencounterdatadisplayedinavarietyofgraphs.Thisunitprovidesstudentswithbackgroundandpracticeininterpretingandmakingbarandpicturegraphs.StudentswilllearnabouttheX-axisandY-axis,howtolabeleachaxis,andhowtodrawconclusionsbyexamininggraphs.
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