MBA商务英语讲义.docx
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MBA商务英语讲义.docx
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MBA商务英语讲义
戴若愚老师dryswjtu@
许健,你好!
附件是本期上课要讲的内容。
我们上课的教材是《工商管理英语教程》主编张初愚西安交通大学出版社,当当网上好像有售,请转告同学们,谢谢!
戴
Unit01Language
“
(1)Anearthquakeisasuddentremorormovementoftheearth'scrust,whichoriginatesatorbelowthesurface.
(2)Therearetwomaincausesofearthquakes.(3)Theycanbelinkedtoexplosivevolcaniceruptionsorcanbetriggeredbytectonicactivity,withthelatterbeingthecauseofmostearthquakes.”
“
(1)地球内部物质不停的运动,会产生一股作用于岩层的巨大力量。
(2)当这股力量积累到一定程度时,可使一些岩层发生弯曲、变形。
(3)一旦岩层承受不了这种变化的时候,就会发生急剧的破裂、错动,引起强烈振动,这种振动就是我们平时所说的地震。
”
Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedforimportantcharacteristics.Goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Itissuitableforjewelry,coinsandornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolished,andwillremainbeautifulforever.AMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.Importantcharacteristicsofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.Goldistreasuredforitsbeauty,foritutility.
“虽有佳肴,弗食,不知其旨也;虽有至道,弗学,不知其善也。
是故学,然后知不足;教,然后知困。
知不足,然后能自反也,知困,然后能自强也。
故曰,教学相长也。
”(《礼记学记》)
Evenwhenthereisgoodfood,youwillnotknowitsdeliciousness,ifyoudonottasteit;evenwhenthereisagooddoctrine,youwillnotknowitsvirtue,ifyoudonotlearnit.Therefore,tolearnmakesusrealizeourdeficiency,andtoteachmakesusknowthedifficulties.Havingrealizedourdeficiency,wemaythencometoreflect;havingknownthedifficulties,wemaybeabletostrengthenourselvestoovercomethem.So,wesay,toteachistolearn.
(钱歌川,《翻译的技巧》,商务印书馆,1981)
Thereisnothingmoredisappointingtoahostesswhohasgonetoalotoftroubleorexpensethantohaveherguestsointerestedintalkingpoliticsorbusinesswithherhusbandthathefailstonoticetheflavorofthecoffee,thelightnessofthecake,ortheattractivenessofthehouse,whichmaybeherchiefinterestandpride.
Commonlyusedwordsandexpressionforcohesionandconjunctions
time&sequence:
after,before,first,second,then,next,finally,later,meanwhile,inthepast;
space&location:
here,there,nearby,under,below,infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebackof;
addition&attachment:
and,also,again,inaddition,besides,furthermore,moreover,whatismore;
differences&similarities:
however,nevertheless,but,although,yet,while,onthecontrary,inspiteof,instead,but,unlike,similarly,likewise,inthesameway,like;
Reasons&Results:
since,because,as,resultfrom,dueto,thanksto,forthisreason,therefore,consequently,accordingly,thus;
specialization:
forexample,forinstance,suchas,namely,inotherwords,thatistosay;
conclusion:
inconclusion,tosumup,inshort,inaword,inbrief,onthewhole.
Unit02Culture
欧洲商务礼仪
Nobodyactuallywantstocauseoffencebut,asbusinessbecomesevermoreinternational,itisincreasinglyeasytogetitwrong.TheremaybeasingleEuropeanmarketbutitdoesnotmeanthatmanagersbehavethesameinGreeceastheydoinDenmark.
InmanyEuropeancountrieshandshakingisanautomaticgesture.InFrancegoodmannersrequirethatonarrivingatabusinessmeetingamanagershakeshandswitheveryonepresent.Thiscanbeademandingtaskand,inacrowdedroom,mayrequiregymnasticabilityifthefarthesthandistobereached.
InEuropethemostcommonchallengeisnotthecontentofthefood,butthewayyoubehaveasyoueat.Somethingsarejustnotdone.InFranceitisnotgoodmannerstoraisetrickyquestionsofbusinessoverthemaincourse.Businesshasitsplace:
afterthecheesecourse.Unlessyouarepreparedtoeatinsilenceyouhavetotalkaboutsomething–something,thatis,otherthanthebusinessdealwhichyouarecontinuallychewingoverinyourhead.
Italiansgivesimilarimportancetothewholeprocessofbusinessentertaining.Infact,inItalythebiggestfear,ascourseaftercourseappears,isthatyouentirelyforgetyouarethereonbusiness.Ifyouhavetheenergy,youcanalwaysdothepolitethingwhenthemealfinallyends,andoffertopay.Then,afteralivelydiscussion,youmustrememberthenextpolitethingtodo–letyourhostpickupthebill.
InGermany,asyouwalksadlybacktoyourhotelroom,youmanywonderwhyyourapparentlyfriendlyhostshavenotinvitedyououtfortheevening.Don’tworry,itisprobablynothingpersonal.GermansdonotentertainbusinesspeoplewithquitethesameenthusiasmassomeoftheirEuropeancounterparts.
Theseculturalchallengesexistsidebysidewiththeproblemsofdoingbusinessinaforeignlanguage.Language,ofcourse,isfullofdifficulties–disastermaybeonlyasyllableaway.Butthemoreyouknowofthecultureofthecountryyouaredealingwith,thelesslikelyyouaretogetintodifficulties.Itisworththeeffort.Itmightberatherhardtoexplainthatthereasonyoulostthecontractwasnottheproductortheprice,butthefactthatyouoffendedyourhostsinalight-heartedcommentoveranaperitif.Goodmannersareadmired:
theycanalsomakeorbreakthedeal.
TypicalActionstoUnfamiliarCultures
Ethnocentrism:
AssumptionsofSuperiority
Mostcultureassumestheirownvaluesandpracticesaresuperiortothoseoftherestoftheworld.English-speakingculturesencodethisassumptionofsuperioritybyusingwordssuchasbackwardandprimitive,whenactuallythoseevaluationsareoneculturalview,seenthroughspecificculturalwindows,notasanabsoluteassessment.Forthisreason,ethnocentrismcanleadtocomplacency.
ProjectedCognitiveSimilarity:
AssumptionsofUniversality
Thismeanstoassumeyouknowhowsomeoneelseisthinkingbasedonhowyouseethings.Itoccurswhenyouthinkyouknowsomeoneelse’sperceptions,judgments,attitudes,andvaluesbecauseyouassumetheyarelikeyourown.Thiscanleadtodisruptedcommunicationandevenconflict.
AJapaneseemployeeinTokyowhosereportisnotreadybythedeadlinegoestohissuperiorandexplainsthatproblemsathomewithhiswifehavedrivenhimtodrinkingmorethanheshouldandgoinghomeverylateaftertheemployee’seveningsout.Theresultisaraginghangoverthatmakeshimunabletoconcentrateonwritingthereport.FortheJapaneseworker,neithertheexcessivedrinkingnorthedomesticproblemisasourceofshame,andhisexpectationisthatthesuperior’sattitudewillbeacceptanceandapaternalisticconcernfortheemployee’splight.Thesuperior’sbehaviorisprobablytocounseltheemployeeandtoinquireintothedomesticsituationinsubsequentweeks.
WhenthisscenarioispresentedtobusinesspeopleintheUnitedStates,theytypicallysaythatanemployeewhoexplainedthathehadfailedtocompleteareportbecauseofahangoverfromexcessivedrinking(whetherornotitwastoescapedomesticproblems)wouldprobablyincurdoublecondemnation,atleastinthemindofthesuperior.Hewouldbecriticizedfordrinkingtoomuchandalsofornotcompletingthereportontime.Generallyspeaking,intheUnitedStatesthesuperior’sbehaviourwouldbetotelltheemployeetogetholdofhimselfandgetsomehelporelseexpecttheunpleasantconsequencesthatfollowfromfailuretoperformTwo’swork.TheemployeeintheUnitedStatesmaybenolessdebilitatedbyahangoverthanhisJapanesecounterpart,buthewilloffersomeotherreasonfornotbeingabletogetthereportdone:
Hemaycallinsayinghe’sill.
AChinesemalegraduatestudentintheUnitedStateslivedinaresidencehallwherehesharedaroomwithanAmerican.Twodayhisroommatewentintothebathroomandcompletelyshavedhishead.TheChinesestudenteasilydiscoveredthisfactwhenhehimselfvisitedthebathroomandsawthehaireverywhere.Hereturnedtohisroomandsaidtohisroommate,“Youhaveshavedyourhead.”TheAmericanreplied,“Yeah,Idid.”
TheChinesestudentwaitedalittle,thensaid,“Idiscoveredyou’dshavedyourheadwhenIwentintothebathroomandsawthehair.”“Yeah,”theAmericanconfirmed.TheChinesewasataloss.HebelievedhehadcommunicatedinthestrongestpossiblelanguagehiswishthattheAmericanwouldcleanupthemesshe’dmadeinthebathroom.Butnosuchmeaningwasattributedtohiswordsbyhisroommate.LaterhediscussedthesurprisingepisodewithhisChinesefriendswhotoldhim,“Listen,withAmericansyouactuallyhavetosay‘Cleanupthebathroom’!
”TheChinesestudentbelievedhismessagehadbeenveryclear.Hewasrelyingonthecontextofthecommunicationforthemessagetobeunderstood:
Hairwasrecentlyandwidelyscatteredalloverthebathroom,andhisroommatenowhadnowhadnohair.
LowContextvsHighContext
AfemaleneurologistfromBeijingwasworkingonaresearchprojectinaTorontohospital.ShesharedasmallofficewithayoungCanadianmalefromalargefamily,wholovedpeanutbutter.Hewassofondofpeanutbutter,hekeptajarintheoffice.Onedayhecameintotheofficeandexclaimed,“Whotookmypeanutbutter?
”(ThiswasnotclearlyencodedeventhoughhisCanadiancultureislower-contextthanhigher-context.Hereallymeant,“Whereismypeanutbutter?
Icannotfindit.”)ButtheChinesewomanimmediatelyfeltaccused.Afterall,therewereonlytwoofthemintheoffice.
Shewasdeeplydistressed,buttruetoherlearnedculturalbehaviourofnevershowingangerinpublic,shesaidnothing.Laterthatdayshewasworkinginaroomwhereaphysiotherapistwastreatingapatientwhosufferedparalysisofhislegsandarmsfromamotorcycleaccident.Thephysiotherapistmovedoneofthepatient’slegsinawaythatcausedhimpain.
“Ouch!
”hecried.
“Oh,Ididn’tdothat,”saidthephysiotherapist.“Itwast
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