科普类阅读115 013高考真题.docx
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科普类阅读115 013高考真题.docx
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科普类阅读115013高考真题
科普类阅读
Passage1(2013全国Ⅰ,B)
Thebabyisjustonedayoldandhasnotyetlefthospital.Sheisquietbutalert(警觉).Twentycentimetersfromherfaceresearchershaveplacedawhitecardwithtwoblackspotsonit.Shestaresatitcarefully.Aresearcherremovesthecardandreplacesitbyanother,thistimewiththespotsdifferentlyspaced.Asthecardschangefromonetotheother,hergaze(凝视)startstoloseitsfocus-untilathird,withthreeblackspots,ispresented.Hergazereturns;shelooksatitfortwiceaslongasshedidatthepreviouscard.Canshetellthatthenumbertwoisdifferentfromthree,just24hoursaftercomingintotheworld?
Ordonewbornssimplyprefermoretofewer?
Thesameexperiment,butwiththreespotsshownbeforetwo,showsthesamereturnofinterestwhenthenumberofspotschanges.Perhapsitisjustthenewness?
Whenslightlyolderbabieswereshowncardswithpicturesofobjects(acomb,akey,anorangeandsoon),changingthenumberofobjectshadaneffectseparatefromchangingtheobjectsthemselves.Coulditbethepatternthattwothingsmake,asopposedtothree?
Noagain.Babiespaidmoreattentiontosquaresmovingrandomlyonascreenwhentheirnumberchangedfromtwotothree,orthreetotwo.Theeffectevencrossesbetweensenses.Babieswhowererepeatedlyshowntwospotsbecamemoreexcitedwhentheythenheardthreedrumbeatsthanwhentheyheardjusttwo;likewise(同样地)whentheresearchersstartedwithdrumbeatsandmovedtospots.
1.TheexperimentdescribedinParagraph1isrelatedtothebaby’s______.
A.senseofhearing.B.senseofsight.C.senseoftouch.D.senseofsmell.
2.Babiesaresensitivetothechangein______.
A.thesizeofcards.B.thecolourofpictures.
C.theshapeofpatterns.D.thenumberofobjects.
3.Whydidtheresearcherstestthebabieswithdrumbeats?
A.Toreducethedifficultyoftheexperiment.B.Toseehowbabiesrecognizesounds.
C.Tocarrytheirexperimentfurther.D.Tokeepthebabies’interest.
4.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?
A.Sciencefiction.B.Children’sliterature.C.Anadvertisement.D.Asciencereport.
Passage2(2013年山东,C)
Youcan’talwayspredictaheavyrainorrememberyourumbrella.ButdesignerMikhailBelyaevdoesn’tthinkthatforgettingtochecktheweatherforecastbeforeheadingoutshouldresultinyougettingwet.That’swhyhecreatedLampbrella,alamppostwithitsownrain-sensingumbrella.
ThedesignersayshecampupwiththeideaafterwatchingpeoplegetwetonstreetsinRussia.“Once,IwasdrivingonacentralSaintPetersburgstreetandsawthestreetlampslightinguppeopletryingtohidefromtherain.Ithoughtitwouldbeappropriatetohaveacanopy(伞篷)builtintoastreetlamp,”hesaid.
TheLampbrellaisastandard-lookingstreetlampfittedwithanumbrellacanopy.Ithasabuilt-inelectricmotorwhichcanopenorclosetheumbrellaondemand.Sensors(传感器)thenensurethattheumbrellaofferspedestriansshelterwheneveritstartsraining.
Inadditiontotherainsensor,there’salsoa360motionsensoronthefiberglassstreetlampwhichdetectswhetheranyoneisusingtheLampbrella.Afterthreeminutesofnotbeingusedthecanopyisclosed.
Accordingtothedesigner,theLampbrellawouldmoveatarelativelylowspeed,soasnottocauseharmtothepedestrians.Besides,itwouldbegroundedtoprotectfrompossiblelightningstrike.EachLampbrellawouldofferenoughshelterforseveralpeople.Beinginstalled(安装)at2metersofftheground,itwouldonlybeadangerforthetallestofpedestrians.
WhiletherearenoplanstotaketheLampbrellaintoproduction,BelyaevsaysherecentlyintroducedhiscreationtooneMoscowDepartment,andinsistshiscreationcouldbeinstalledonanystreetwherealotofpeoplewalkbuttherearenocanopiestoprovideshelter.
1.ForwhatpurposedidBelyaevcreatetheLampbrella?
A.Topredictaheavyrain.B.Tochecktheweatherforecast.
C.Toprotectpeoplefromtherain.D.Toremindpeopletotakeanumbrella.
2.WhatdoweknowfromBelyaev’swordsinParagraph2?
A.Hiscreationwasinspiredbyanexperience.
B.ItrainsalotinthecityofSaintPetersburg.
C.Streetlampsareprotectedbycanopies.
D.Heenjoyedtakingwalksintherain.
3.WhichofthefollowingshowshowtheLampbrellaworks?
A.motor→canopy→sensorsB.sensors→motor→canopy
C.motor→sensors→canopyD.canopy→motor→sensors
4.Whatdoesparagraph5mainlytellusabouttheLampbrella?
A.Itsmovingspeed.B.Itsappearance.C.Itsinstallation.D.Itssafety.
5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?
A.Thedesignerwillopenacompanytopromotehisproduct.
B.TheLampbrellacouldbeputintoimmediateproduction.
C.Thedesignerisconfidentthathiscreationispractical.
D.TheLampbrellawouldbeputonshowinMoscow.
Passage3(2013年北京,D)
Multitasking
Peoplewhomultitaskallthetimemaybetheworstatdoingtwothingsatonce,anewresearchsuggests.Thefindings,basedonperformancesandself-evaluationbyabout275collegestudents,indicatethatmanypeoplemultitasknotoutofadesiretoincreaseproductivity,butbecausetheyareeasilydistracted(分心)andcan’tfocusononeactivity.And“thosepeopleturnouttobetheworstathandlingdifferentthings,”saidDavidSanbonmatsu,apsychologistattheUniversityofUtah.
Sanbonmatsuandhiscolleaguesgavethestudentsasetoftestsandaskedthemtoreporthowoftentheymultitasked,howgoodtheythoughttheywereatit,andhowsensation-seeking(寻求刺激)orimperative(冲动)theywere.Theythenevaluatedtheparticipants’multitaskingabilitywithatrickymentaltaskthatrequiredthestudentstodosimplemathematicalcalculationswhilerememberingasetofletters.
Notsurprisingly,thescientistssaid,mostpeoplethoughttheywerebetterthanaverageatmultitasking,andthosewhothoughttheywerebetteratitweremorelikelytoreportusingacellphonewhiledrivingorviewingmultiplekindsofmediaatonce.Butthosewhofrequentlydealwithmanythingsatthesametimewerefoundtoperformtheworstattheactualmultitaskingtest.Theyalsoweremorelikelytoadmittosensation-seekingandimpulsivebehavior,whichconnectswithhoweasilypeoplegetboredanddistracted.
“Peoplemultitasknotbecauseit’sgoingtoleadtogreaterproductivity,butbecausethey’redistractible,andtheygetsuckedintothingsthatarenotasimportant.”Sanbonmatsusaid.
AdamGazzaley,aresearcherattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,whowasnotamemberoftheresearchgroup,saidonelimitationofthestudywasthatitcouldn’t’tfindoutwhetherpeoplewhostartoutlessfocusedtowardmultitaskingorwhetherpeople’srecognizingandunderstandingabilitieschangeasaresultofmultitasking.
Thefindingsdosuggest,however,whythesensation-seekerwhomultitaskthemostmayenjoyriskydistracteddriving.“Peoplewhoaremultitaskingaregenerallylesssensitivetoriskysituations.”saidPaulAtchley,anotherresearchernotinthegroup.“Thismaypartlyexplainwhypeoplegoinforthesesituationseventhoughthey’redangerous.”
1.TheresearchledbySanbonmatsuindicatesthatpeoplewhomultitask______.
A.seekhighproductivityconstantly
B.preferhandlingdifferentthingswhengettingbored
C.aremorefocusedwhendoingmanythingsatatime
D.havethepoorestresultsindoingvariousthingsatthesametime
2.WhenSanbonmatsuandhiscolleaguesconductedtheirresearch,they_______.
A.assessedthemultitaskingabilityofthestudents
B.evaluatedtheacademicachievementsofthestudents
C.analyzedtheeffectsoftheparticipants’trickymentaltasks
D.measuredthechangesofthestudents’understandingability
3.AccordingtoSanbonmatsu,peoplemultitaskbecauseoftheir______.
A.limitedpowerincalculationB.interestsindoingthingsdifferently
C.inabilitytoconcentrateononetaskD.impulsivedesiretotrynewthings
4.Fromthelastparagraph,wecanlearnthatmultitaskusually________.
A.driveveryskillfully
B.goinfordifferenttasks
C.failtoreactquicklytopotentialdangers
D.refusetoexplainthereasonsfortheirbehavior
Passage4(2013年福建,B)
Yourglassesmaysomedayreplaceyoursmartphone,andsomeNewYorkersarereadyfortheswitch.Someinthecitycan'twaittotrythemonandusethemapsandGPSthatthefuturisticeyewearislikelytoinclude.
"I'duseitifIwerehangingoutwithfriendsat3a.m.andgoingtothebarandwantedtoseewhatwasopen,"saidWalterChoo,40,ofFortGreene.
Thesmartphone-likeglasseswilllikelycomeoutthisyearandcostbetween$250and$600,theTimessaid,possiblyincludingavariationofaugmented(增强的)reality,atechnologyalreadyavailableonsmartphonesandtablets(平板电脑)thatoverlaysinformationontothescreenaboutone'ssurroundings.So,forexample,ifyouwerewalkingdownastreet,indicatorswouldpopupshowingyouthenearestcoffeeshopordirectionscouldbeplottedoutandcomeintoviewrightonthesidewalkinfrontofyou.
"Asfarasamainstreamconsumerproduct,thisjustisn'tsomethinganybodyneeds,"saidSamBiddle,whowritesforG."We'reaccustomedtohavingonethinginourpockettodoallthesethings,"headded,"andtheaverageconsumerisn'tgonnabeabletoaffordanotherdevice(装置)that'shundredsandhundredsofdollars."
9to5GooglepublisherSethWeintraub,whohasbeenreportingonthesmartphone-likeglassessincelatelastyear,saidheisconfidentthatthistypeofwearabledevicewilleventuallybeascommonassmartphones.
"It'sjustlikesmartphones10yearsago,"Weintraubsaid."Afewpeoplestartedgettingemailsontheirpho
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